The Little Rock Nine

The movie â€Å"The Little Rock Nine† is based on an event that happened in the 1950’s. The movie is based on the first time that a school allowed black students into an all white school. This event happened in Little Rock, Arkansas when a school allowed nine black teenagers into their school. In this essay you will read about the respect that the black students got at the beginning of the movie and the respect they got at the end, how society has changed today, how this relates to the Hebrews experience, how this relates to moral values, and my personal experience on this theme. In the movie the nine black students got no respected at all. The students were treated the same as every other black person at this point in time. The black students took abuse and bullying that no other person would be able to take. They got pushed, threatened, excluded from events and even spit on. This was the respect they got when they first came to the school. The guards stationed around the school didn't even do much at times. They were afraid at times, because if they tried to retaliate they knew things would only get worse. Even people outside the school tried to get the students out of the school. There were rallies and marches, mostly led by parents, to get rid of the nine black students. Then things got even worse when bomb threats started coming in. Finally on of the students named Minnijean Brown started to fight back. Minnijean Brown was the first of the students to be targeted to recieve the most abuse. It started one day when she was just heading to class and a group of girls blocked the door to her next class. She asked them politly to move and when they didn't she tried to move in between them, but she got pushed out of the way. That was the start of the incidents. Eventually Minnijean was expelled for dumping a bowl of chili on students head that was blocking her way and refused to move. Minnijean was upset by this because the white people of the community got exactly what they wanted. The next target was Ernest Green. Ernest was targeted next because he was a senior and, if he made it, would be the first black student to graduate from Central High School. The white students and parents did everything they could to prevent him from graduating. One female student even tried to get him to like her so she could say he â€Å"harassed† her,but Ernest graduated 1958. These two students are probably the most recognized two of the Little Rock Nine becausse of what happened to them. Society has changed alot since 1958 in many ways. The Central High School in Little Rock is now 50% black students. The story of the Little Rock Nine relates to the Hebrews when they are in Egypt because they are being treated just like the nine black students. They were forced into labor every day and were beaten and spat on as well. This relates to moral values because everybody should be treated equal. Alot of people back then were Catholic, but they treated people diffrently, when everyone was actually the same. This relates to my personal experience because me and a friend of mine went through a little bit of this last year. It wasn't as bad as the Little Rock Nine, but it hurt. My friend and I were excluded from games some games in P. E. , we took alot of hateful phrases, and other things. Then around graduation they stopped and things went back to normal. The Little Rock Nine is a good example of what black peolpe had to go through in that point in time. I think the Little Rock Nine was and still is a great example of how racism can destroys people and their self esteem. And It also shows how brave some people were during the Civil Rights Movement. I also think it is very important that three of the Little Rock Nine graduated from Central High School which I think this is a great accomplishment. It also proves that blacks were able to do the same school work as whites.

News article analysis Organizational theory

The article by Dr. Kathy Iversen- a business consultant- provides a lot of insight into practical application of organizational theories in management. The article features Starbucks an American based company coffeehouse company which has over 15,000 chain stores in more than 40 countries. The article focuses on Starbucks rehiring of former CEO after a downward trend due to what he terms as â€Å"†¦myopic focus on operational effectiveness led by new, post-founder management began to negatively impact the customer experience.† (Iversen, 2008,  ¶3). The author compares Starbucks fate with Apple, Swarbs and Dell transformation after the later companies effectively applied tools and systems in the organization that boosted innovation and profitability. The following are three fundamental issues focused in the report in relation to implementation of a good and effective organizational structure that could transform Starbuck’s trend to a profitable path. The organizational structure should apply systems and models that are dynamic thus are able to change with the corporate world for the business to remain profitable. A good organizational model should have effective channel of communication, feedback mechanism and facilitate good response and decision making process. The organizational culture and work environment models should facilitate optimal performance by ensuring that employee capabilities are properly utilized and encourage responsibility and innovation in the workplace. Dynamism in the corporate world. The corporate sector in modern times is subject to perpetual change therefore, organizational models adopted should accommodate this change in their organization by putting in place relevant tools to prepare it for this eventuality. External environment analysis focusing on customer, competitors changing trends and adoption of new marketing strategies are vital to ensure that the company remains relevant thus profitable. The author gives an example of Apple which changed to music enjoyment instead of computing to recapture its market and future profitability (Iversen, 2008). This shows how effective a good which focuses on investing in new fields can help a company reinvent itself into profitability path. Bureaucratic organizational model tend to focus on cost cutting rather than adoption to the innovation, for a company such as Starbucks given its level of maturity, implementing models that focus on new ideas would be the most appropriate in a move to reclaim its lost glory (Daft, 2001 pg. 107) Effective communication in Organizational Models. Effective communication is one of the most important elements in establishing an organizational model. There are two main distinction namely formal communications which is utilized in big established diverse companies and informal communication channels which lead to open interactive dialogue both horizontally and vertically in the organization. The advantages of the later is that it will help facilitate free flow of information thus for analysis of the market, an element which is essential for most businesses. In addition informal means of communication works best in volatile and uncertain environments such as the one which Starbuck’s is facing thus if correctly implemented can lead to quick response and decision making (Daft, 2001, pg.14). Organizational culture. According to Daft (2001, pg 30) scholars have pointed out that corporate culture and sound internal processes are key elements in good organizational models to the extent that they promote effective running of the organization. A fluid and flexible structure will encourage constant experimenting and learning thus ensuring better policies, procedures are adopted to ensure dynamism and innovation in the organization. For instance, given the fact that Starbucks is a service oriented company, employee training and empowerment can lead to certain beneficial attributes such as, smoothing the progress of change since they directly interact with the customer thus can be able to get the information needed by management to effect change and enhanced customer relation and satisfaction thus building of clientele and profitability (Iversen, 2008). Conclusion. Though, the author did not explore on the organizational approach and design, the best design proposed in this paper would be a decentralized approach with emphasis on organic systems of organization as opposed to mechanistic/ bureaucratic approach. Firstly, given that Starbucks is a multi national company with coffee houses all over the world. A centralized system will fundamentally inhibit flexibility and restrict decision making process and timely response to customer needs. On the other hand a decentralized approach will encourage each store to make decision based on customer needs, create diversity and promote dynamism and innovation factors that are vital for profitability. However, this approach might lead to loss of control and direction by top management thus leadership skills are essential to ensure that while chains are flexible, the company’s vision, brand name and direction is uniform to ensure sustainability and balanced growth. Secondly, good organic structures ensure that communication is free-flowing, employees are empowered and well motivated and generally the internal processes lead to optimal production hence growth (Daft, 2001, pg 64). There should be both formal and informal channels of communication that are strong and consistent to ensure that management is in control and allow timely information flow in the organization. REFERENCES: Daft, R. (2001) Essentials of Organization Theory and Design. South-Western. Iversen, K. (January, 15th 2008). Brewing a fresh pot at Starbucks. Forbes Magazine. Retrieved March 11th 2008 from http://www.forbes.com/personalfinance/2008/01/15/starbucks-schultz-apple-pf-ii-in_ki_0115soapbox_inl.html   

Social Discount Rates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social Discount Rates - Essay Example The discount rate which is used in financial calculations is usually chosen to be equal to the cost of capital. Some adjustment may be made to the discount rate to take account of risks associated with uncertain cashflows, with other developments. Evaluating an investment project can require the use of approaches designed to integrate the consideration of the flexibility and uncertainties associated with the investment opportunity under study (Robert Wilson, 1982). Regardless of the approach adopted, a project evaluation, based on deterministic hypotheses, is nonetheless inevitable at some given moment. The problem that arises is the choice of the 'conventional' method which helps to determine the project value with due integration of the financing related aspects. As Brealey and Myers (Robert Wilson, 1982) show it, various methods can be used, including standard WACC, Arditti-Levy, equity residual and adjusted present value. Historically, with certain assumptions, the consistency of these methods has been demonstrated by comparing them in pairs by Robert Wilson, 1982. However, this consistency could also suggest the existence of a single approach underlying these different methods, and from which they could all derive. The NPV is greatly affected by the discount rate, so selecting the proper rate - sometimes called the hurdle rate - is critical to making the right decision. The hurdle rate is the minimum acceptable return on an investment. It should reflect the riskiness of the investment, typically measured by the volatility of cash flows, and must take into account the financing mix (Ross,1976). Managers may use models such as the CAPM or the APT to estimate a discount rate appropriate for each particular project, and use the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) to reflect the financing mix selected. A common practice in choosing a discount rate for a project is to apply a WACC that applies to the entire firm. Some believe that a higher discount rate is more appropriate when a project's risk is different from the risk of the firm as a whole(Ross,1976). In capital budgeting the correct risk adjusted discount rate for future cash flows is independent of whether the flow is a cost or a revenue. Contrary to a widely disseminated view in some popular textbooks and elsewhere, costs are not especially safe (nor risky), and accordingly costs should not be discounted at especially low risk adjusted discount rates (Robert, 1998). Three Methods for Determining Discount Rates 1. The historical approach: One approach to find discount rates is to assume that the average rate which has been observed in the past will continue into the future. Typically, those who use this approach rely on the real interest rates which have been reported over a decade. What analysis of these rates indicates is that real rates were fairly stable over the period 1950-1970, at approximately 3 percent. During the oil crisis, of the early 1970s, real interest rat

Different levels of income and expenditure Essay

Different levels of income and expenditure - Essay Example e, fixed medical allowance, servant allowance, deputation allowance, other allowances like marriage allowance, telephone allowance, city compensatory allowance, family allowance etc. In addition to wages and salary, perquisites under section 17(2) are provided to employees by employer which includes certain benefits or amenities provided either voluntarily or under service contract. The perquisites for income tax purpose are tax free perquisites, taxable perquisites, perquisites taxable under specified cases. Example:       Amt in GBP Basic pay   Ã‚   40000 Dearness allowance   Ã‚   3000 Leave salary   Ã‚   5400 Professional tax paid by employer   Ã‚   5400 Perquisite for house:   Ã‚      15% of salary (40000+3000+5400)   7260    Furniture rent   1000    Less: rent recovered by employer   3000 5260 Less: professional tax   Ã‚   1000 Gross total income   Ã‚   53660 Less: tax deduction under section 80C   Ã‚      Contribution to statutory provident fun d    4000 Taxable income   Ã‚   49660 Income from house property The measure of charging income tax under this head is the annual value of property which is the inherent capacity of a building to yield income. Annual value has been defined as per Section 23(1) of Income tax act as (a) the sum for which the property is expected to be let from year to year, (b) where the property or part of property is let and annual rent received or receivable by the owner is in excess of sum as in clause (a), such amount received or receivable, (c) property or any part of property being let and was vacant for the whole or part of previous year, owing to such vacancy, the actual rent received or receivable by owner is less than sum as per clause (a), such amount received or receivable. Example: X owned two house properties, one for running business and other... The measure of charging income tax under this head is the annual value of property which is the inherent capacity of a building to yield income. Annual value has been defined as per Section 23(1) of Income tax act as (a) the sum for which the property is expected to be let from year to year, (b) where the property or part of property is let and annual rent received or receivable by the owner is in excess of sum as in clause (a), such amount received or receivable, (c) property or any part of property being let and was vacant for the whole or part of previous year, owing to such vacancy, the actual rent received or receivable by owner is less than sum as per clause (a), such amount received or receivable. Example: X owned two house properties, one for running business and other was let out at 3000 GBP per month. The second property was used as residence by X. Municipal taxes for two properties were 7200 GBP per annum. The business and let out premises were insured against loss by fire and insurance premium was 900 GBP.Sections 28 to 44D deal with computing income under this head. The term â€Å"business† defined in section 2(13) of Income Tax Act includes any trade, commerce or manufacture or any concern in nature of trade, commerce or manufacture. The term â€Å"profession† defined under section 2(36) of the Act includes any vocation. Income under this head includes profits and gains from business or profession carried out by an assessee during previous year, income derived by a trader or professional.

Consider theoretical interpretations of the 'uncanny' in relation to Movie Review

Consider theoretical interpretations of the 'uncanny' in relation to the British film THE WICKER MAN andor DON'T LOOK NOW - Movie Review Example For Freud, then, this is the origin of the terror that has come to be associated with things that are 'uncanny'. It should be clear from the above that, if we are to apply the notions of the uncanny to the horror film genre, then we must be quite precise about which theoretical formulation of the uncanny we are to apply. If we are to follow Jentsch's lead, and suppose that the uncanny arises purely from a cognitive lacuna, an absence knowledge, then we could say that the uncanny is utilized by almost every example of horror film. Horror relies on the unknown to create its atmosphere of terror; for example, it relies on the audience not knowing precisely when the ax-wielding murderer is about to leap out from behind the sofa. But surely this kind of scare is not precisely the same as a feeling we can call 'uncanny'. Halloween and Nightmare on Elm Street may be very effective in making us scream (as too, I suppose is Scream), but we do not exit the cinema with a residual feeling of uneasiness that one might call 'uncanny.' As such we must come to the same conclusion that Schneider does in his st udy of the uncanny in film horror: "since not every monster that successfully instills in us a sense of horror or uncanniness is 'categorically interstitial,...incomplete, or formless,' cognitive threat could not be a necessary condition of uncanny feelings." In other words, we should turn to Freud's work and accept that the concept of the uncanny includes an element of repression, that this particular type of fear arises only when something we have repressed begins to make its influence felt once more in the forefront of our consciousness. If we do so, then the examples available to us from film history become much less common, and we must narrow our field down to the few that display a more subtle talent for terror. Nicolas Roeg's Don't Look Now and Robert Hardy's The Wicker Man, are two such works and, something that is hardly coincidental, are both considered cinematic greats of the horror genre. Their critical acclaim stems, in part, from their ability to create unease, as well as outright terror. They work on the level not just of film aesthetics, but of psychical processes. Before I begin our discussion of the two films in question, it may be helpful to orientate them in relation to Freud's seminal 1919 work, "The Uncanny". As we have already discussed, the point where Freud parts company with Jentsch is on the origin of the feeling of the uncanny. After an exhaustive study of the definition of the word un-heimlich in German, Freud comes to the conclusion that its meaning has evolved in such a way that, as well as meaning something that is un-homely (i.e. something untamed, frightening), it is also something that "ought to has remained hidden but has come to light" (156). It is also (and here Freud analyzes

Preparation of sample for NMR analysis and integration Essay

Preparation of sample for NMR analysis and integration - Essay Example Unlike the other spectroscopy types, the sample quality in NMR bears a insightful effect on the resulting spectrum quality. Therefore, the sample prepared provides a spectrum where useful information is retained, not lost, or obscured. Sample preparation thus stands critical in the analysis and integration of NMR results. The scope of work will cover sample Purification, given that this determines the resulting spectrum, sample collection, and sample Preparation for NMR integration and Analysis. NMR spectrum is the basic source of data that relates to the structure of the compound. Therefore, it is required that the spectrum analysis be done properly to obtain or get a good and reasonable data set for analysis. Under any particular circumstance, the preparation of the NMR sample is not allowed at the NMR room, thus the lab is used or a special lab. A solid or pure liquid can not just be put into the NMR. A series of preparation steps needs to be followed to prepare the sample thus covering the scope of work to be done. If one has a liquid to be analyzed, one or two drops of the liquid are put on a clean NMR tube retrieved from the oven. Approximately 3fingers worth of the deuterated (CDCl3) solvent is added to the tube. This procedure forms the scope of work because the NMR cannot work if the solvent (deuterated) is not used. When one has a solid, it becomes easier to put the solid into the small test tube and almost the same amount of deuterated solvent added and the solid allowed dissolving in the solvent before transferring to the NMR tube (Weizmann Institute of Science,2009). Weizmann Institute of Science., 2009. Sample preparation & NMR Tubes. [Online] Available at: [Accessed November 14,

Employment and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Employment and Society - Essay Example d). Alienation, lack of job security and emotions are the major factors which increases stress at workplace. Competition is really tough currently in the business world and both the managers and the workers are under tremendous pressure to meet the targets and the deadlines. Thus managers are forced to adopt aggression at workplace in order to derive maximum out of the employees which will increase the stress levels of both the employees and the managers. It is difficult for a manager to adopt democratic style of functioning always and the instructions from the top forced them to share some of the stress they are getting from the top to the workers as well and this may often happen in the form of aggression. Lack of job security is another cause for the increased stress at workplace. The current global recession has broken the backbones of many organizations and the employers forced to cut down the employees and their salaries. Insecurity in employment is always a worrying factor for the employees which may increase their stress level. The living standards are changing rapidly and it is difficult for the people to find their livelihood even with the help of a good job. Under such circumstances, insecurity of jobs always creates panic among the employees. Emotions are the third factor which may increase the job stress. For example, most of the people are struggling to find enough time for fulfilling their family and social commitments because of the increased responsibilities at the workplace. Many working people are often complaining that they are not getting enough time to spend with their family. Moreover, leisure time for enjoyment and relaxation are also less because of the increased responsibilities at the workplace. Thus the employees forced to work like machines at the workplace hiding or suppressing all their emotions which increases their stress level immensely. â€Å"Flexibility is about an employee and an employer making changes to when,

CVA Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CVA - Coursework Example Changes to documents in version: report of blurred vision, depth insight (Duncan et.al, 1983). Through evaluation of the higher functions such as: Speech if the patient is alert; Position with head slightly elevated and in the neutral position; Sustaining of the bed rest; by providing quiet and calm environment; also restricting visitors and their activities. Intervention of cluster nursing and providing rest period activities in between care activities as well as limiting the duration of the procedure. Inhibit strain at stool, holding breath, administering supplemental oxygen as specified (Burney et.al, 1996). The following reasons may affect the patients readiness or ability to learn: Assessing if the patient is encountering some problems in accepting their conditions. The patient may feel overwhelmed, angry, or depressed (Duncan et.al, 1983). An appropriate referral for a patient with cerebrovascular accident may entail several things. A patient may be referred to a ‘syncope’ clinic over a six-month period where he will be prospectively studied. Initial assessment may integrate ambulatory electrocardiography, carotid sinus massage prior to and following atropine and prolonged head-up tilt (Burney et.al, 1996). The coping skills that a nurse should use in assisting the patient that challenges a younger person consider include: Theoretical basis; Coping area assessed and, Psychometric properties of coping procedures used in studies assessing patients with stroke (Duncan et.al, 1983). Burney, T. L., Senapti, M., Desai, S., Choudhary, S. T., & Badlani, G. H. (1996). Acute cerebrovascular accident and lower urinary tract dysfunction: a prospective correlation of the site of brain injury with urodynamic findings. The Journal of urology, 156(5),

Managed health care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managed health care - Essay Example with American Medical Association (AMA) becoming a national force bringing awareness in 1900s (PBS), the call for advancement in medicinal procedures and the want to lure and maintain a healthy work force of organizations. This resulted in inelastic expenditure on health with establishment of Federal responsibility to ensure health security and devising of health insurance policies. There arose a shortage of health-manpower as demand for health facilities increased. More money was now officially (from 4.5% in the beginning to 15% currently, of the total budget) put into the making of the specialized doctors who demanded greater fee, breakthrough sophistication in medicine were taking place, and hospital expenses and profits were expanding till the point it became an integrated, privatized and corporatized system. Other important factors that contributed to the rising health costs included exploitation of fee-for-service method, general inflation in economy, greater demand of services as a result of greater and aging population (AWHP) and speculation over changing government policies. Managed-health-care, which took over as a result of exploitation of pay-as-needed method of health care programs, mostly sapped these factors of rising costs. Firstly, the appointment of third party kept the interest of both consumer and financier of the health benefit in view. It put the urgency and necessity of the service consumed under unbiased third party scrutiny, enabled cost effective group contracting with health-service providers and minimized the chances of exploitation with maximum consumer satisfaction. At the same time the service provider (hospital etc) were also brought to account for their charges which in turn reviewed the money minting privatization and brought the overall cost of health care in check. Consumer-driven heath care as the name suggests empowers the consumer to the health care program. It enables more space in decision making for the consumer, with

Comparison of Nursing Process Theory','Helath Promotional Theory' and Essay

Comparison of Nursing Process Theory','Helath Promotional Theory' and 'Health as Expanding Consciousness Theory' - Essay Example To date, most of the research in nursing has been of the theory-testing variety with little concern for where and how theories were developed. Theoretical progress in a discipline is measured to a great extent by the number and the quality of the theories developed by its scholars. From that point of view in nursing, the most useful measure of research outcome is the growth in sound theory on which to base nursing care and education (LoBiondo-Wood. & Harber, 2006). Nursing theories may be classified by their levels of abstraction along a continuum from grand theories to practice theories. As alluded to above, grand theories are broad and abstract and do not easily lend themselves to application or testing. In contrast, narrow-range theories are very precise and restricted in their focus. It is evident that for a theory to be usefully generalized to other nursing situations, it needs to be abstract. However, this means that it is difficult to operationalize the concepts within a theory. Being abstract means, there are no measurable indicators, and this it becomes very difficult to test the concepts and propositions through systematic and rigorous research. Mid-range theories go some way towards solving this problem. They are moderately abstract and inclusive but are composed of concepts and propositions which are measurable. Therefore, midrange theories, at their best, balance the need for precision with the need to be sufficiently abstract. Mi d-range theories are more focused than grand theories. They have fewer concepts and variables within their structure, are presented in a more testable form, have a more limited scope and have a stronger relationship with research and practice. Mid-range theories provide nurses easy applicability in practice and enough abstract ideas to be scientifically interesting (Tomey & Alligood, 2006). Comparison In this assignment, three nursing theories will be compared. These are "Nursing Process Theory", "Health Promotional Theory" and "Health as Expanding Consciousness Theory." Background of the Theorists Ida Jean Orlando was born in 1926 in New York. Her nursing education began at New York Medical College School of Nursing where she received a diploma in nursing. In 1951, she received a Bachelor of Science degree in public health nursing from St. John's University in Brooklyn, New York, and in 1954, she completed a master's degree in nursing from Columbia University. Orlando's early nursing practice experience included obstetrics, medicine, and emergency room nursing. Her first book, The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship: Function, Process and Principles (1961), was based on her research and blended nursing practice, psychiatric-mental health nursing, and nursing education (Tomey & Alligood, 2006). Dr. Jean Watson has earned undergraduate and graduate degrees in nursing and psychiatric-mental health nursing and holds a doctorate in educational psychology and counseling. Dr. Watson's published works on the philosophy and theory of human caring and the art and science of nursing are used by clinical nurses and

Dietary Supplement Essay Example for Free

Dietary Supplement Essay Taking any kind of supplements can also be a type of complementary or alternative medicine. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) do not regulate dietary supplements in the same way that it regulates medicine. A dietary supplement can be sold without research on how well it works. The benefit of taking dietary supplements is that they are designed to augment your daily intake of nutrients. Normally, you should be able to get all the nutrients you need from a well balanced diet. However, taking supplements can provide additional nutrients when your diet is lacking or when certain health conditions cause you to develop an insufficiency or deficiency. Multiple-vitamin supplements provide all the basic vitamins and minerals your body needs. These vitamins are generally safe because they only contain small amounts of each nutrient. Individual nutrients can also be sold as a dietary supplement, but in larger amounts than what’s found in a typical multiple-vitamin. These supplements may be used to treat a simple deficiency, such as an iron deficiency, but sometimes they’re used therapeutically to treat specific health conditions or risk factors. For example, large doses of niacin may be used to raise good cholesterol, and folic acid has been used to reduce the risk of a birth defect called spina bifida. The risk of taking dietary supplements is that some contain active ingredients that have strong biological effects in the body. This could make them unsafe in some situations and hurt or even complicate your health. Using dietary supplements could lead to harmful and even life-threatening consequences such as using supplements with medications whether prescription or over the counter and substituting them for prescriptions medicines. Taking too much of some of these supplements, such as vitamin A, vitamin D, and iron. Some supplements can also have unwanted effects before, during, and after surgery. Always inform your health care provider, including your pharmacist about any supplements your taking especially before surgery. The FDA regulates both finished dietary supplement products and dietary ingredients under a different set of regulation than those covering â€Å"conventional† foods and drug products (prescription and Over-the-counter). Under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA), the dietary supplement or dietary ingredient manufacturer is responsible for ensuring that a dietary supplement or ingredient is safe before it is marketed. FDA is responsible for taking action against any unsafe dietary supplement product after it reaches the market. Manufacturers are required to produce dietary supplements to minimum quality standards and ensure that they do not contain any contaminants or impurities, and are accurately labeled. Generally, manufacturers do not need to register their products with FDA nor get approval before producing or selling dietary supplements. Manufacturers must make sure that product label information is truthful and not misleading. The manufacturers are required to report all serious dietary supplement related adverse events or illnesses to the FDA as of December 2007. The FDA can take dietary supplements off the market if they are found to be unsafe, adulterated, or if the claims on the products are false and misleading. Folic acid is a type of B vitamin that is normally found in foods such as dried beans, peas, lentils, oranges, whole-wheat products, liver, asparagus, beets, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and spinach. Folic acid is used for preventing and treating low blood levels of folic acid as well as its complications, including â€Å"tired blood’ (anemia) and the inability of the bowel to absorb nutrients properly. Folic acid is also used for other conditions commonly associated with folic acid deficiency, including ulcerative colitis, liver disease, alcoholism, and kidney dialysis. Women who are pregnant or might become pregnant take folic acid to prevent miscarriage and birth defects such as spina bifida that occur when the fetus’s spine and back don’t close during development. Folic acid is likely safe for most people. Most adults do not experience an aide effects when consuming the recommended amount each day, which is 400 mcg. High doses of folic acid might cause abdominal cramps, diarrhea, rash, sleep disorders, irritability, confusion, nausea, stomach upset, behaviors changes, skin reactions, seizures, gas, and excitability. There is some concern that taking too much folic acid for a long period of time might cause serious side effects. Some research suggests that taking folic acid in doses of 800-1200 mcg might increase the risk of heart attack in people who have heart problems. Other research suggests that taking these high doses might also increase the risk of cancer such as lung or prostate cancer. For folic acid deficiency: the typical dose is 250-1000 mcg per day. For preventing neural tube defects: at least 400 mcg of folic acid per day from supplements or fortified food should be taken by women capable of becoming pregnant and continued through the first month of pregnancy. Women with a history of previous pregnancy complicated by neural tude defects usually take 4 mg per day beginning one month before and continuing for three months after conception. References: www. nih. gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements www. wedmd. com/dietarysupplements www. fda. gov/food/dietarysupplements

The Important Act Of Reading In Life English Language Essay

The Important Act Of Reading In Life English Language Essay Reading is one of the important things in our lives. For sure, we will read every day and it is not important that what types of the material that we read, it just that we read. Watching also can be one of the medium of reading. We watch movies or something also we learn, and how it is happen is we watch something and our mind will interpret what we see and that our mind will unite what we have seen and it will became our knowledge. Why this also can link to the meaning of reading is, reading also need we to unite the letter become words and words will became sentence. This has the same way we watch and we read. That why watching also one of the reading. Some people, to make them more understand on what they are read, they need to watch videos, picture and diagrams or charts. Someone must to read because with reading we can get more knowledge and experience. That why there a proverbs says that reading people is knowledgeable generations. Without reading people will get lack of knowledge. In communication also we need knowledge and we get the knowledge from reading. Without reading, how people can share their knowledge, how people can know what happen in this worlds, how people can talk very well without experience and make knowledge, this all from reading. We all know that the science world start from the reading. Here we can conclude that reading was really important in the field of education. That why in the field of education, there are concept of 3M (Membaca, Menulis, dan Mengira). Here we can see that one of the important concepts learning in the field of education is reading. In Islam also say reading is important. This can be prove by, Nabi Muhammad saw himself get the first revelation from Allah and that was IQRA mean Bacalahà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Here we can know that Allah also called his people to read. There are many type of reading, read aloud, shared reading, guided reading, fluency reading, and independent reading. Read aloud is the way that we read, and this also one way of teaching especially for the blind student and pre-school student. For shared reading is the group of people shared their idea, knowledge and experience from what they have read. Guided reading is someone has to be guided in their study to become more independent. Here mean that, student learn or read something but guided by tutor. Fluency reading is the how fluent someone in his or her reading, if he or she can read faster, that mean he or she already fluent in reading and he or she slow in the reading, he or she must work hard because they still not fluent in reading. Independent reading is someone that already fluent in reading, this kind of people no need guide anymore. However, all of this must practice every day and this was the behavior in reading. It is also can be known as reading habits. Reading habits can be described as someone hobbies, he or she make the reading as his or her hobbies and this must be regularly read. Example, he read newspaper every day. Here we can see that reading is really important. One of the important of the reading is reading can enriches someone knowledge. By reading we will directly exposure to the world. That why with reading we will be exposing and learn new thing. Every day we will get new knowledge. Besides that, reading also can increase the reading skill of someone, this skill really important for student. More reading can improve someone or student in reading skill and fluent in reading. With reading also can improve someone reading, she or he can fluent in reading, and he or she can learn more. According to chickiemomma1961, November, 2010, reading is important because it affects your whole life and everything you do. Want to drive? You have to know how to read the signs, the handbook, the testing materials, etc. Want to buy a home? Youll have to know how to read that contract, unless you want to be ripped off! Every contract you ever sign, from leases, to credit cards, to loans, will need to be read. Reading also can give someone wide in knowledge and experience. Any material that we read would give knowledge and experience because with reading we will get new knowledge and new thing. That why, student who have reading habits will good in study because he have something new to shared, to write in his essay and can confidently communicate with his friends and teachers. The student also have high IQs, creative and have better results id they like to read and make reading as their hobbies. Reading will help them in studies. Besides that, reading also can improve their language, speaking and learning. If student want to improve their language, he or she must read more. With reading someone can make his or her language better and can confidently in talking. All people know the important of the reading in their life especially parents, government and ministry of education. These parties try to increase the reading habits among student and peoples. There are research have been doing to survey the reading habits among Malaysian people. According to Woman battles serious book dependency problem blog, (Monday August 28, 2006), from Sharmag articleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.the depressing state of readership in Malaysia on Sunday, August 13, 2006 saysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a lot about Malaysia when in population of 25 million, the local industry can only print 1,000 to 3,000 copies per general titleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦says Law King Hui, president of the Malaysian Book Publishers Association. From the Daily Express published on Sunday, May 23, 2010, based on the statistics issued by the National Statistics Department during the year 2002, Malaysian students only read two books a year. Many students perceived that reading is a waste of time and they only read for purpose of passing examinations. We are quite aware the myriad of benefits that can be acquired by reading books and the positive progressive result that it can induce for the country. From what have been talks above seem that our government and ministry of education really care about the reading habits among Malaysian people and student in Malaysia. There are many program have been handle like NILAM PROGRAM cooperation between ministries of education and the library in Malaysia. There are also the programs like KEMPEN MARILAH MEMBACA. School also conducts campaigns such as lectures, NILAM program, and provides incentives such as giving a gift to any student who reads a lot. Most important is the encouraged from the parent and people. There are few ways to improve reading among people and students. First ways is people and students always have a material around to read. This means that everywhere they go they must bring materials for they read. Examples, reading newspaper in bus or reading novels while waiting for the train, and so on. There can read anytime and anywhere they can, there no reason says that they have no time for readings. There must time to spend in readings. Even, our Prime Ministry also have time to read why not us as people and students. Besides that, we have to set a reading goal. If we want something, we must have goals or aims. This is one way to give encourage for our self to read. Other ways to improve reading is keep a log, every time we have finish in our reading, we must keep the list of the materials that we have read and also make some summary to remember what the important in the materials that we have read to be remember. Although, we should make a list of the materials that we want to read. Example, the list of the novels that we want to read, the list of the comics, and so on. Here we will remember the materials that we want to read. We also should join the reading group or book club so here we can share our experience and knowledge with our group and try to get new knowledge from them. Here will be the discussion on what we have read. Also, we need to visit libraries or bookstore often because in the place like this we can read whatever materials we want to read. In the place like this, there are so many materials that we can read. Build your own strategy is the most important because without strategy you would lost tour ways. We have to keep the strategy and what we want to do so if we get success, we will feel satisfy in our works. So, we should drop everything and read. Make the reading habits fun in our mind. After we set our mind that reading habits is fun, automatically we want to read. Drop everything here mean that, if we have time to spend we must read dont make the time we have we spend to something that not give benefits to our life. That why reading is one of the important in education. Before we can read fluently in our studies time in pre-school, teacher will teach us on the letter. After we can read letter we would ask by the teacher to combine the letter become words and the words combine with other words to become sentence that have meaning. Here the ways of reading start in our life. Here we can know that reading is important in our life. For more deeply understand about reading, in the article Teaching reading, by Elizabeth S. Pang, Angaluki Muaka, Elizabeth B. Bernbardt, and Micheal L. Kamil, have write that, What is reading? Reading is about understanding written texts. It is a complex activity that involves both perception and thought. Reading consists of two related processes: word recognition and comprehension. Word recognition refers to the process of perceiving how written symbols correspond to ones spoken language. Comprehension is the process making sense of words, sentences and connected text. 1.1 Problem Statement Reading habits was really important for each people especially students. They need read more than other people because with reading can give them experience and wide knowledge, also can improve their language and communication. Without reading, how they will know something to talk about. With reading they will have many ideas to share and more ideas to tell others. So, they must read. The problem here is why the students have to read and make the reading as their reading habits. It is they read because they want to fulfill their career as the student or for their own knowledge. Besides that, the other problem is what type of the materials student like to read as reading habits. Is it they like to read the knowledgeable materials or they want to read the materials that can make their mind relax like newspapers, novels, comics, and magazines. The students also have the limit time in a day because they also have a works that they have to finish. The problems that occur here is the frequ ency of the reading. Is it they have time to read and how frequent they read? Because the students like to fill their encouragement in their studies, there must be reason why they less reading or they have active in reading. So the problem here is what the factors that inhibit their reading habits. 1.2 Rational of the study The rational of this study was to encourage student to read and make the reading is one of their habits. Besides that, this study also wants student know the important of the reading and they must know the reason they read. 1.3 Research Questions This section will tell about the research question that related to this research. The research questions of the study are as follow: 1. What types of reading materials do the students read? 2. How frequent do the students read the materials? 3. How frequent do the students read academic and non-academic materials? 4. The medium they use to read? 5. The amount of the materials they read? 6. The times they spend for reading? 7. What factors influence them to read? 1.4 Significant of the study This study hoped that the student will know the important of the reading habits and they will continue their habits in reading. Besides that, firstly the student and also people should know the meaning of the reading habits. If they do not know the meaning of the reading habits, they will not know the important of the reading habits. The most important is for what they keep the reading habits in their self. The reason they read. This study also to ensure the reading habits always continues in students daily life. The reading habits is really important especially the materials the student choose is that show the new issues happen in this worlds, so the student will get new information and new knowledge every day. Hope also the academic library take the responsibilities and make the program that will attract the student to come and read materials in the library, the libraries also must try to show to the student how important is the reading habit for the student especially their future life. The libraries also must increase the materials is the libraries to promote the reading habits to students. 1.5 Objective of the study Objective is the reality that will happen in this study. It is the object that already thinks by the researchers that related to his or her study and the existing of this study sometimes according to the philosophy. The objective of this study is: To investigate the factors that influence reading habits. To investigate the type of the materials students read. To investigate the student frequency in reading the academic or non-academic materials. 1.6 Definition of term use This section will give the definition of the term or explain several terminologies related to this study. 1.6.1 Reading- According to Kamus Dewan Edisi Keempat (2005), readings is give attention to the contents of a written or printed material carefully and understands the meaning of its contents. Through reading habits, individuals can make themselves as a reference either to him or to others. Interest in reading is closely related to cultural knowledge because reading is a feature of cultural development in the community-oriented education and reading.(Kamus Dewan Edisi Keempat, 2005). 1.6.2 Habits- From the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, habits is something that you are do regularly or usually, often without thinking about it because you have done it so many times before. 1.6.3 Reading habits- According to the Answers.com (wikianswers), reading habits mean process of reading itself. He is in the habit of reading the daily newspapers mean that he regularly reads the newspaper. If you are in habit of reading, it means that you are read regularly. 1.6.4 Students- For the MacMillan Dictionary, student can be refer to someone who goes to a university, college, or school. But, in the UK, a student is someone who is studying at university or college. A child at school is usually called a pupil. In US, student can refer to anyone who is studying at school or university. 1.6.5 Knowledge- According to Merriam Webster, knowledge is obsolete: cognition. The fact or condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience or association (2): acquaintance with or understanding of a science, art, or technique. It is also a body of facts learned by study or experience. From the Your dictionary.com, the definition of knowledge is the act, fact, or state of knowing like acquaintance or familiarity, awareness, and understanding. It is acquaintance with facts; range of information, awareness, or understanding and all that has been perceived or grasped by the mind; learning; enlightenment. 1.6.6 Communication- Definition of communication in You Dictionary.com is communication is the process whereby speech, signs or actions transmit information from one person to another. This definition is concise and definitive but doesnt include all the aspects of communication. There are other definitions, which state that communication involves transmitting information from one party to another. This broader definition doesnt require that the receiving party obtain a full understanding of the message. Of course, communication is better when both parties understand but it can still exist even without that component. 1.6.7 Education- According to Wayne Leon Learmond (May 28, 2010), education can be defined as education covers a broad spectrum. Other may believe that education is simply life, and that we must learn every aspect of life as we grow. There some people who have never received a full-time education in any sort of school at all, but have learned the family ways, ie: gone into trade that maybe has been passed down from one generation to the next. According to Jessica Rangel (November 18, 2010), the definition of education is simple: Learning new and important material that is vital to every day issues and subjects. The most important thing about education that intrigues most people and students is how information they can get from a subject. Education is basically what drives the world today, because those that have the proper education also carry information that can help them get anything that they want in life. This is by far one of the most  important  things about education, and what education stands for.   1.7 Scope of the study The scope of this study is about the reading habits among student of Faculty of Information Management. How important reading habits in order to fulfill the career as a student, need of the student and this will plays a big role to produce the quality works and leading to successful academic person. This research is being conduct among student in Faculty of Information Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, campus Puncak Perdana. The scope of this study are limited to two main areas, which is the contents of the study that is base on the title and the location of the study which is I have chose in Faculty of Information Management Campus Puncak Perdana, UITM, Shah Alam. The respondents for this study comprises of the students in Faculty Information Management and in this faculty there are four courses, IM220 (Library Science Management), IM221 (Information Systems Management), IM222 (Records Management), and IM223 (Resource Centers Management). This faculty located at University Teknologi MARA, Campus Puncak Perdana, Seksyen U10, Shah Alam. 1.8 Limitation of the study Firstly, the respondents of this research are the students in Faculty of Information Management and in the Faculty if Information Mangement, there are 4 courses. IM220 (Library Science Management), IM221 (Information Systems Management), IM222 (Records Management), and IM223 (Resource Centers Management). This faculty located at University Teknologi MARA, Campus Puncak Perdana, Seksyen U10, Shah Alam. I choose this Faculty which are located in UITM Campus Puncak Perdana, Shah Alam because it is my Faculty and I think I want to improve the reading habits among student of Faculty Information Management. Secondly, the reasons why I choose all of this courses in the Faculty of Information Management because I want to know do they know about the reading habits is, what kind of the materials they refer to read and because this course is related to the reading habits. The student of this faculty will be professional in the information management, so the reading habits will increase their knowledge. The study meant only to describe the reading habits of the students in Faculty of Information Management. 1.9 CONCLUSION This study is all about the reading habits among student of Faculty of Information Management, UITM, Campus Puncak Perdana. There are many conclusions that can be draw from this chapter. But the most important fact is the reading habits very important to students. Nowadays, reading habits among student were lack. They read because they want to finish their assignment and reading is just to past their exam. In Chapter One, we discuss about the problem statement of the research, the objective of the research, research question and so on. It is very important why we do a research. Moreover, in this chapter it also describes scope of research, conceptual framework and the operational definition for every term used in the research and the significant and limitation of research.

Role of Study Center in Higher Education

Role of Study Center in Higher Education THE ROLE OF STUDY CENTER IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN INCREASING LINKAGES AMONG INDUSTRY UNIVERSITY GOVERNMENT (TRIPLE HELIX MODEL) Alimatus Sahrah Faculty of Psychology, University of Mercu Buana Yogyakarta Abstract Triple helix model which requires the existence of linkages Industry University Government is believed to accelerate the achievement of the Indonesian Developmental Vision of 2020. Case study of the existence of Study Center in Higher Education, conducted using SWOT analysis method, proven able to improve the linkages among Industry University Government. Triple helix model facilitates the creation of mutual collaboration among the three parties involved. It is hoped that a more open relationship and mutual benefit will be conducted between the academics and the government, academics and business, and business and the government. Key word: Triple Helix Model, Linkages among Industry University Government, Study Center in Higher Education, SWOT analysis INTRODUCTION According to Legislative Act Num. VII/MPR/2001 on November 9, 2001 on Future Vision of Indonesia, Indonesian Vision of 2020 is to make Indonesia as a religious society, humane, united, democratic, just, prosperous, advanced, independent, and good and clean in the nation administration. It is also important to note that the achievement of Vision 2020 took place in an era of global free trade, in which Indonesia is also a member of ASEAN, should succeed the ASEAN Vision 2020, and also because it is also a member of APEC, it must also succeed Digital Economy of APEC. Thus the nature of life in the era of globalization characterized by liberalization of trade and investment could no longer inevitable. Even developed countries already preparing themselves to face the situation by futurologist Keniche Ohmae (Lukita. ) called the borderless world situation. This trend makes the trade growing so rapidly, that no longer able to predict the direction of its development. The development of thes e global world enormous changes forces every country, including Indonesia, to encourage the acceleration of technology and knowledge as a basis of its competitive excellence. One of the significant changes in the world today is an international economic development that leads to a Knowledge-Based Economy (KBE). In this KBE, knowledge and innovation are considered more influence economic activity, which will ultimately determine the economic welfare of the people of a country. Rapid technological development affects competition and rapid changes in business environment. The factor of such technological development is a determining factor of a company success, because it will be directly related to the companys management effectiveness in producing the knowledge to create new technologies. This condition occurs in both the industry and national economy (governance) level, that the industry or economic performance depends on the ability to process knowledge in creating innovation. In order to anticipate the changes above, then the Higher Education needs to change the educational paradigm from the old industrial education pattern to a new industrial entrepreneurial education, to encourage the creation of knowledge based economy. In this case, knowledge is power is useful to improve competitiveness of the nation. Therefore, the Higher Education as knowledge-producing institution needs to improve management of its organization in order to accelerate the achievement of the nations vision. The Role of Higher Education as a motivating factor of   knowledge production is first mentioned in the form of Mode 1, which is a modality of knowledge production in which knowledge is produced in the context of a particular discipline, now shifts to the modalities of Mode 2 knowledge production, in which knowledge can be produced more spread, not only centered on the university, thus enabling the cooperation between the industry university government that has the same interest in problem solving (Gibbons in Hidayat, 2001). The issue of linkage between industry and university R D institution is a central issue in the discourse of science and technology policy. In the discourse of science and technology policy in Indonesia is often discussed the importance of the concept of Triple Helix model and the concept of ABG (Academician, Business, and Government) in the development of science and technology (KRT, 2001). ABG concept refers to a condition in which the R D in universities and government, and industry in a strong bond, which allows for cooperation and synergy among them in the development and utilization of science and technology. Therefore, programs that allow for the linkages among the three pillars become indispensable. Referring to the three pillars of linkages with the Triple Helix model, the Ministry of Research and Technology with a program of RUK (Riset Unggulan Kemitraan/Competitive Research Partnership) provide incentives to programs that conduct research cooperation among university R D institutions, industry and government. This is also supported by the development of the developed countries that encourage such cooperation, so that can make a tremendous acceleration in the development of their knowledge and technology. A Study Center in Higher Education was formed to be a forum of interdisciplinary study in a particular field. Study Center was founded with the intention that the University can increase productivity and innovation of products or services are produced to the public. Thus, the existence of Study Center in Higher Education should be able to help the College or University in their task of Tri Dharma. In general, according to Pedju (2009) universities should be able to go forward and be able to create strategies to develop the nation (university led development strategy), because almost all the aggregates in the modern university is able to support it, especially with government policy that has facilitated the education budget of 20% as now it is. Only Pedju (2009) still questioned the existence of the modern mindset of existing human resources to be able to represent the vision and mission of the university towards a knowledge-based society. Referring to the description above, this study aimed to review whether the presence of Study Center in Higher Education can play a role in strengthening links among universities industry government (triple helix model) in order to prosper the nation. In this case the Study Center should be interpreted as the spearhead of Higher Education to produce knowledge that creates innovation in the achievement of the vision the nation itself. TRIPLE HELIX MODEL: Universities, Industry and Government Triple helix is a term used to name a concept of university-industry-government partnership that synergize in developing the capacity and functioning of S T (Science Technology) for the nation development processes (Sasmojo, 2011). Etzkowitz, (2008) defined Triple helix as the three different spheres of business, higher education and public institutions working together on new tasks and in new fields. These three spheres together, and not only by themselves, make it possible to obtain an enhanced outcome from the cooperation and invested capital, in the form of innovative new products and solutions. A triple helix regime typically begins as university, industry and government enter into a reciprocal relationship in which each attempts to enhance the performance of the other. Each institutional sphere is thus more likely to become a creative source of innovation and to support the emergence of creativity that arises in other spirals. Through this model, Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (2000) and Leydesdorff and Etzkowitz (1998) tried to analyze new form of institutional forces in innovation system (Fig. 1). Interactions among actors in innovation systems are Further explained in more detail by the Triple Helix Model. The triple helix is a spiral model of innovation that captures multiple reciprocal relationships at different points in the process of knowledge capitalization (Etzkowitz, 2002). The first dimension of the triple helix model is an internal transformation in each of the helices, Such as the development of lateral ties among companies through strategic alliances or an assumption of an economic development mission by universities. The second is the influence of one helix upon another. The third dimension is the creation of a new overlay of trilateral networks and Organizations from the Interaction Among the three helices, formed for the purpose of coming up with new ideas and formats for high-tech development. The triple helix denotes the university-industry-government relationship as one of relatively equal, yet interdependent, institutional spheres overlap and take the role of the other. Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (2000) wrote on three Kinds of triple helix model: Triple helix model where there is great role of a country in directing university and industry and the relationship the between them. A strong version of role can be founded in the countries left by Soviet and East Europe, while softer version can be founded in Latin America and some European countries like Norwegian. This kind of Triple Helix model can be shown in Fig. 2. This first triple helix model is described as a model fail by Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff. With low bottom up initiative, innovation is lacking of appropriate stimulus. The second triple helix model consists of separate institution with rigid boundary circle dividing three of the actors and describe separate relation one to another. This model occur as a respond to the first model of the which bring the policy of laissez-faire (free competition) lowering the role of the country as shown in Fig.3. The last model indicates the presence of knowledge infrastructure in the form of piece of institutional roles sharing the circle each other in form of hybrid organization shown in the three interfaces of the circle. This model is developed country mostly implemented in the more directed to the forming of relations. This model is shown in Fig.4. KIN (Komite Inovasi Nasional) (2011) berpendapat bahwa tiga pilar penopang sistem inovasi menurut konsep model triple helix, yakni (1) Perusahaan, yang dalam hal ini dapat melakukan pembelajaran teknologi secara interaktif, aliansi teknologi dan pengetahuan, kemitraan litbang, dan pengembangan human capital dalam melakukan penelitian dan pengembangan.   (2) Institusi pendidikan, yang dalam hal ini dapat melakukan pendidikan dasar dan lanjutan, pelatihan vokasional, perlindungan HKI, kemitraan litbang, pengkajian, perluasan informasi teknologi; (3) Pemerintah, yang berperan dalam pembuat regulasi dan insentif. Misalnya regulasi pajak, persaingan sehat, alih teknologi, standard pengelolaan dls. Konsep ini seperti dijelaskan Pedju, 2009 pada Gambar 5. KIN (Komite Inovasi Nasional/Committee of the National Innovation) (2011) argues that the three pillars supporting the innovation system according to the concept of the triple helix model, namely (1) The company, which in this case can do an interactive learning technology, alliances   technology and knowledge, R D partnerships, and human capital development in research and development. (2) Educational institutions, which in this case can do the primary and secondary education, vocational training, protection of IPR, R D partnerships, review, expansion of information technology, (3) The Government, which plays a role in regulatory and incentive. E.g tax regulation, fair competition, technology transfer, standard management, etc. This concept is as described Pedju, 2009 in Figure 5. STUDY CENTER IN HIGHER EDUCATION SWOT ANALYSIS This research takes a case study of 10 profiles of various University Study Center in Indonesia. From the profile of the study centers can be described that: The background of the formation of Study Centre: To search for potential or rare resources, through a particular approach (typical), in order to obtain the maximum benefit to the public long term welfare and to enhance the competitiveness of nations in this competitive era, so that it is necessary to have a place to examine certain forms of management that can increase economic productivity by leveraging existing resources. Vision of the Study Center: To realize a study center that became the motivator and the driver for socialization and development of innovation and improves productivity with a particular approach, in order to realize a productive, prosperous and globally competitive industrial community. Mission of the Study Center: (a) Increasing awareness of industry and society to Product Development and Innovation, (2) Provide assistance to the industry in improving the Product Development and Innovation. (C) Encourage the creation of the community who appreciate the Product Development and Innovation. Goals and Objectives Formation of Study Center: (a) Develop subjects related to the formation of Study Center to help the process of learning and teaching in the faculties concerned; (b) Develop Study Centre management in the broadest sense in an interdisciplinary manner to obtain an increase in productivity with quality expected, (c) Develop an interdisciplinary collaboration between experts of study centers and the experts from other fields in various faculties to increase the active role of the University in national development, (d) Implement the cooperation with various agencies / institutions both at home and abroad government, private, state, and international institutions; (e) Develop information systems of study center for anyone working on either expert users, students, private, and community, (f) Scientific Society: Being a center of study and research in the field of Study Center. Product Development and Innovation, through various activities including discussions, genera l lectures, seminars, workshops, training, and cooperative research; (g) Industrial Society: Being an institution that can help the Society for Industrial Product Development and Innovation. Work Program Service provided by Study Center: Education: (i) Help develop subjects related to the field of Study Center in various faculties, (ii) Holding seminars, symposia, workshops, and other scientific meetings as a vehicle for community and science development, (iii) Publishes journals and another appropriate communications media; Research: (i) To submit a research proposal to the parties involved, (ii) Conduct a study to obtain the form of resource management in different scientific areas, (iii) Develop appropriate technological review in the field of study center management, (iv) Establish cooperation research with research institutions related Community Service: (i) Cooperating with the central government, local governments, state enterprises, public enterprises, private enterprises, and others to seek solutions to problems encountered in this field, (ii) Providing training services to the executor in the field, (iii) Building a network that cares about the field of Study Centre. Organization and Human Resource of Studies Center:   Study Centre is directly under the Rector not under the management of a particular faculty anymore, but the human resources are still borrowing from existing personnel in the various faculties at a university. From the SWOT analysis conducted on Study Center at the University in its efforts to strengthen the relationship university industry and government, it can be concluded that: Strength of the existence of Study Center in Higher Education are: (1) Allows for a review of an area in an integrated and interdisciplinary problems, (2) Being a vehicle for the gathering of experts to discuss an integrated knowledge to form a specific scientific community, (3) Facilitate relationships with the world outside the university, so it does not require a long bureaucratic, (4) the accumulation of matter, materials, or references associated with a particular problem areas, Weaknesses of Study Center in Higher Education: (1) Unavailability of human resources remain to be still in the organizations of Study Center. The existing personnel are those who are usually have a baseline on a particular course. So the presence in the Study Centre is just a side job, (2) Unavailability of an adequate budget for the Study Center in conducting its activities, so it will be a burden for Study Center because they must absorb funds outside the university to finance their activities, (3) The absence of workload analysis of the lecturer who are not only burdened with duties as a lecturer as the main task but also do research to fulfill the demand of the society; (4) The topics of research conducted by the study centers were more likely to an order from society, so the possibility of innovative research ideas become stunted existence. This right includes freedom to be creative from the lecturers to be somewhat less obstructed, (5) the highly dependency in the case of fund ing to the government through a grant from DIKTI or Research and technology Ministry. Opportunities that can be achieved with the existence of Study Center in Higher Education: (1) Availability of funds that exist in every state as a form of corporate social responsibility towards the community, (2) The existence of new opportunities for universities to move to a more central position in society. For instance research as a source of new knowledge for the knowledge economy. In the era of globalization, economic competitiveness increasingly depends on innovation. Innovation in turn is often interesting both on scientific and technological knowledge. University, as the main source of new scientific knowledge, hence has a chance to play a more central role in contributing to innovation, competitiveness and economic development, (3) allow the external demand for Higher Education and continuous learning skills. In order that a company can produce a competitive product, it must continuously keep innovating so their product can be accepted by society, so Higher Education thro ugh their Study Center should be ready to increase the knowledge and skills continuously to create higher added value products that produced, (4) The existence of new information and communication technologies that could revolutionize the ways of lecturer teaching and learning to be more sophisticated. Using sophisticated technology, Higher education can offer new ways that may be much more effective for lecturers in providing good teaching in the classroom. Sophisticated technology can also start changing the process of research and knowledge production in a number of ways. These include a dramatic increase in the modeling and simulation to complement traditional experimental approaches, as well as enhance the ability of researchers to collaborate in larger groups in distance in a more effective way. The threats of the existence of Center for Studies in Higher Education: (1) Increased pressure on universities to meet the needs of the community and in many cases more specific industry needs. Some see this as an important threat to the autonomy of universities and basic research and long-term survival of science (eg Ziman, 1991 1994), (2) The second threat seen from the effects of globalization itself that characterized by the development of new information and communication technologies growing rapidly, which makes the students demanded a possibility of continuous learning after they finish studying in Higher Education, or it can be said that the increase in expectations of students to not only learn in their Universities but also want to continue straight to work, career in industry-related scientific, (3) The possibility of weakening the relationship between research and teaching. As pressure builds on academics to teach more students, to teach more efficiently, and to provide the specific skills required by the economy and society, may having adverse consequences for research. Conversely, the pressure to conduct research (often associated with national priorities, whether economic or social) and to publish (both to improve the career prospects of individuals or research institute) can lead to less emphasis in teaching. DISCUSSION The result showed by the SWOT analysis conducted on the existence of Center for Studies in Higher Education in order to produce knowledge and innovation, there is a factor of considerable strength and opportunities, although it still must be also addressed the existence of barriers or weaknesses and threats that exist. This is very useful to be able to formulate what strategies should be used for the linkage of the three pillars of the triple helix model is becoming increasingly apparent. The Triple helix facilitates the creation of mutual collaboration between the three parties involved. With the triple helix, expected a more open relationship and mutual benefit can be made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹between the academics and the government, academics and business, and business and the government, so that the role of higher education is not hampered by structural constraints in the implementation of functions in addition to education and teaching as well research and commun ity service. In a changing environment, universities as the main source of new knowledge and skills are necessary for the creation of knowledge-based economy, because the university could almost be a machine of economy itself. In this scenario, the university rather than under threat, but will become more central. A Study Center for Studies in higher education actually has the higher ability to conduct research and development in the field of science and technology, because here are usually available sophisticated science and technology infrastructure and high-quality human resources are relatively sedentary and expert in their areas of knowledge. However, because the research requires funding not less, and always expect the government research grants are not possible, then they have to look for new breakthroughs happen (Pranyoto, 2008). Register and take care of Patent Rights from the results of research conducted can be an alternative answer. In addition to creating the phenomenon of triple hel ix in university, industry and government, can be pursued for example a company hires an academics to become a business people, or vice versa, or it may be possible that governance staff become an academics at the University. This can happen only if there is mutual openness and mutual collaborative cooperation between the three parties. The above description was consistent with the explanation Etzkowitz Leydesdorff (1995), regarding third-party linkages in the triple helix model of this. Explained that if for example there is an established industry based on the triple helix model would have to allow for the process to stimulate innovation in academician, business, and government (ABG) as the main actors in innovation systems. Therefore, synergized cooperation Among Those three actors is expected to occur, so in the long term, industry will have high competitiveness through its capability to innovate. Some Important features of this model mainly include: (1) ABG Transformation in relation to result in knowledge. Role of the parties INVOLVED is more on the integrated relationship than the transfer of knowledge through intermediaries, (2) Recursive interaction. Relationships Among the parties are more in form of continuous development process, (3) Vague roles and Limitation (fuzzy border) among actors. University, fo r example also takes its role in developing entrepreneurial, while private has its role in academic dimension, (4) Micro-level of analysis in an institutional context. This institution is not only related to organization but also relationships, interaction, and rules / policy, and other aspect like norm and tradition. Another perspective that tries to explain the changing role of universities as producers of knowledge is the conceptual framework presented Leydesdorrff and Etzkowitz (2001). According to this perspective the stronger linkages between universities, industry, and government can be modeled with a triple helix. In this model, university viewed as has taken a new role (in addition to the role of teaching and research), namely the role of contributor to economic development. According to Etzkowitz (2008), this new role, often referred to as entrepreneurial university, which is the second revolution in the development of the university (Mode 2). The first revolution occurred when the university which was originally only served as a place of teaching (Teaching University), then take the role of research (Research University), and subsequently the university began to take on missions contribute significantly to the economy in this era. CLOSING The existence of Study Center in Higher Education as a container of interdisciplinary study in a particular field, it actually has considerable potential to play a role in the development of science and technology. The existence of Study Center in Higher Education was proven in improving the linkage University Industry Government. Triple helix facilitates the creation of mutual collaboration between the three parties involved. It is hoped that a more open relationship and mutual benefit can be made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹between the academics and the government, academics and business, and business and the government, so that the role of higher education is not hampered by structural constraints in carrying out the functions of research and community service in addition to the function of education and teaching . Universities are expected to take his new role as entrepreneurial university, which is the second revolution in the development of the university (Mode 2). Bibliography Etzkowitz, H. and Leydesdorff, L. (1998), The Endless Transition: A Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations, Minerva 36, 203-08. Etzkowitz, H. and Leydesdorff, L. 2000. The dynamic of innovation: from National System and Mode 2 to a Triple Helix of university-industry-government relations.   Research Policy 29. Etzkowitz, H., Leydesdorff, L. (1995). The Triple HelixUniversity-Industry- Government Relations: A Laboratory for Knowledge Based Economic Development. EASST Review 14, 14-19. Etzkowitz, H., Leydesdorff, L. (2000). The Dynamics of Innovation: From National Systems and Mode-2 to a Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations. Research Policy, 29(2), 109-123. Etzkowitz, H., 2002. Networks of innovation: science, technology and development in the triple helix era. International Journal of Technology Management Sustainable Development 1, 7-20. Etzkowitz, H., Leydesdorff, L. (2000). The dynamics of innovation: from National Systems and Mode 2 to a Triple Helix of university-industry-government relations, Research Policy: Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 109-123. Ezkowitz, H. (2008) The Triple Helix: Universtiy, industry and Government, Routledge, London. Gibbons, M. (2000) Universities and the New Production of Knoeledge: some policy implications for Government. The material appeared in Summers Institute. Dalam Hidayat, D. (2001) Keterkaitan antara Perguruan Tinggi dan Industri: Analisis Historis di Negara Maju dan Pelajarannya bagi Negara Berkembang. Laporan Penelitian Kerjasama Pusat Penelitian Perkembangan IPTEK dan LIPI. Ketetapan MPR Ketetapan MPR No. VII/MPR/2001 tanggal 9 November 2001 tentang Visi Indonesia Masa depan KIN (Komite Inovasi Nasional) (2011) Menuju Negara Maju Berbasis Ekonomi. Laporan Komite Inovasi Nasional pada Forum Guru Besar ITB. KRT (Kementrian Ristek) (2001) Indikator dan Analisis Sistem Inovasi Nasional (2001), Laporan Teknis, Proyek kerjasama PAPPIPTEK-LIPI dengan Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi. Leydesdorff, L. Etzkowitz, H.   (2001). The Transformation of University-industri-government Relations. Electronic Journal of Sociologi: 5, 4 [http://www.icaap.org/iuicode?1.5.4.1] Pedju, A. M. (2009) Penerapan Konsep Triple Helix dam Strategi Pembangunan yang dipandu Universitas. Artikel Seminar Nasional Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. Medan. Prayoto (2008) Peranan Perguruan Tinggi dalam Pengembangan IPTEK. Paper dalam Seminar Nasional Dies Natalis UGM ke 45. Soemarwoto, B. (2012) Triple helix in Indonesia Mission imposible?. The Jakarta Post, Amsterdam: 5 Januari 2012 Tuwo, L. D. (2011) Kajian Visi Indonesia 2020. Artikel BAPPENAS. Ziman, J. (1994), Prometheus Bound: Science in a Dynamic Steady State, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Ziman, J. (1991), Academic Science as a System of Markets, HigherEducationQuarterly, 12, 57-68.

Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire - Character of Blanche DuBois :: A Streetcar Named Desire Essays

Blanche Dubious and A Streetcar Named Desire  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Blanche Dubious, appropriately dressed in white, is first introduced as a symbol of innocence and chastity. Aristocratic, refined, and sensitive, this delicate beauty has a moth-like appearance. She has come to New Orleans to seek refuge at the home of her sister Stella and her coarse Polish husband, Stanley. With her nervous and refined nature, Blanche is a clear misfit in the Kowalski's apartment. Blanche represents a deep-seated attachment to the past. She has lived her whole life in Laurel, a small southern town; her family had aristocratic roots and taught Blanche about some of the finer things in life. Unfortunately, she cannot cope with life outside Laurel. Her life is a lesson in how a single tragic event can ruin the future; her refusal to come out of the time warp and cope with the real world, makes her unrealistic and flighty. At the age of sixteen, she fell in love with, worshipped, and eloped with a sensitive boy. She believed that life with Allan was sheer bliss. Her faith is shattered when she discovers he is a bi-sexual degenerate. She is disgusted and expresses her disappointment in him. This prompts him to commit suicide. Blanche cannot get over this. She holds herself responsible for his untimely death. His death is soon followed by long vigils at the bedside of her dying relatives. She is forced to sell Belle Reve, the family mansion, to pay for the many funeral expenses. She finds herself living at the second-rate Flamingo Hotel. In an effort to escape the misery of her life in Laurel, Blanche drinks heavily and has meaningless affairs. She needs alcohol to stop the polka music, symbolic of Allan's death, from running on in her head and to avoid the truth of her life. She surrenders her body to various strangers in an attempt to lose herself. She seduces young boys in memory of Allan. But her empty heart finds no peace, and her bad reputation ends her teaching career. Blanche is an escapist who says, "I don't want realism". She hides from bright lights, just as she hides from the truth. Her delicate nature simply cannot bear the reality of present-day existence; she finds it too painful. She, therefore, convinces herself that she has remained pure because "inside, I never lied". She knows that her soul, or inner self, remained uninvolved in her physical encounters.

Comparing Authority in Hope Leslie, Dinosaur in the Haystack, and A Riv

Authority in Hope Leslie, Dinosaur in the Haystack, and A River Runs Through It Authority is portrayed differently by each individual in life. Authority is portrayed by knowledge, wisdom, tone, and wording. The languages of authority are too numerable to count. In the novels Hope Leslie, Dinosaur in the Haystack, and A River Runs Through It the authors use three different techniques to portray authority while using religion and scripture to describe their arguments. Stephen Jay Gould demands authority because of the extensive studying he performs and yearns for knowledge that he possesses. Each of the essays that he presents has scientific merit and has been extensively studied. By writing about natural science and specifically evolution, Gould displays his expertise and therefore his authority. Gould being a scholar and a Jew has extensive knowledge of the Old Testament. He includes scripture in his writing to support his theories and explain the mind frame of many Americans. In "Dousling Diminutive Dennis’s Debate Gould tells of the debate on whether the millennium starts J...

Social Criticism in the Hollywood Melodramas of the Fifties Essay

Social Criticism in the Hollywood Melodramas of the Fifties In the early 1950s the films of Douglas Sirk led the way in defining the emerging genre of the Hollywood melodrama. "Melodrama" strictly means the combination of music (melos) and drama, but the term is used to refer to the "popular romances that depicted a virtuous individual (usually a woman) or couple (usually lovers) victimized by repressive and inequitable social circumstances" (Schatz 222). Sirk's films were commercially successful and boosted the careers of stars like Lauren Bacall, Jane Wyman, and Rock Hudson, who was in seven of Sirk's thirteen American films (Halliday 162-171). Although critics in the fifties called the films "trivial" and "campy" and dismissed them as "tearjerkers" or "female weepies" (Schatz 224), critics in the seventies re-examined Sirk's work and developed an "academic respect for the genre" and declared that the films actually had "subversive relationship to the dominant ideology" (Klinger xii). Douglas Sirk's Magnificent Obsession (1954) and Imitatio n of Life (1959) are representative of the techniques melodramas used to address relevant fifties issues like class, gender, and race. One characteristic of melodrama is the "lavishly artificial and visually stylized scenery (Schatz 234) which is exploited in Magnificent Obsession. Numerous scenes take place in moving convertibles, where the motion of the car is out of synch with the motion of the scenery. Whenever possible, rooms have large picture windows showing magnificent, but obviously fake outdoor landscapes. At one point a scene on the lakeshore cuts directly from a shot of Helen (Jane Wyman) sitting in front of a real horizon to a close-up of her sitting in front of a brightly c... ...ltural form" (Klinger xii). Works cited Aull, Felice. "Magnificent Obsession". http://mchipO0.med.nyu.edu/lit-med/lit-me...cs/webfilms.magnificent.obses3-film-.html Ellison, Ralph. Shadow and Act. Vintage International: New York, 1953. FilmFrog Archives: Lecture given at Sonoma State University (1995), Imitation of Life (1959). http://yorty.sonoma.edu:80/filmfrog/archive/Imitation_of_Life.html Halliday, Jon. Sirk on Sirk: Interviews With Jon Halliday. New York: Viking, 1972. Imitation of Life. Dir. Douglas Sirk. Universal, 1959. Klinger, Barbara. Melodrama and Meaning: History, Culture, and the Films of Douglas Sirk. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1994. Magnificent Obsession. Dir. Douglas Sirk. Universal, 1954. Schatz, Thomas. Hollywood Genres: Formulas, Filmmaking, and the Studio System. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981.

Marriage in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice Essay

The intricate nexus of marriage, money and love in Jane Austen’s society is unfolded through the development of plots and characters of her novel Pride and Prejudice. In the nineteenth century’s rural England, marriage was a woman’s chief aim, both financially and socially. Financially because of women’s dependent position marriage was the â€Å"only honourable position†, infinitely preferable to the dependence of precarious shabby-genteel spinsterhood. Money was, therefore, a very significant aspect of Austen’s society, especially when marriage was concerned. â€Å"A single man of large fortune† was naturally considered as â€Å"a nice thing† for the unmarried girls. Partners were chosen for what might now seem unemotional reasons: fortune and connections, similar to, but preferably better than one’s own. By representing a series of marriages, Austen in this novel unearths and elucidates different aspects of the role of marriage, money and love in her society. Austen was a realist and painted her time as they were. In this novel, love and money-based Darcy-Elizabeth marriage is the most successful one whereas the marriage of Elizabeth’s parents, Mr. and Mrs. Bennet, is one of the faulty ones. Mr. Bennet married his wife being â€Å"captivated† and tempted by her â€Å"youth, beauty† and physical appearance. He forgot that the first appeal of a pretty face does not last long unless serenity of mind and sweetness of temper provide more enduring powers of attraction. Moreover, Mrs. Bennet inherited no property. So, form every point of view, this marriage is a failure. Mr. Bennet, therefore, always has to endure her â€Å"weak understanding†, vulgarity to such and extreme degree that he has nothing to revel in except confining himself to his library all the day, and thus eluding the necessary rituals of family and society. Charlotte’s loveless matrimony for financial security with the pompous Collins is another interesting marriage. Being twenty-seven and plain looking and realizing that it is her last chance, she accepts the grotesque Mr. Collins, to whom the role of romance and love in life is beyond the reach. He only wants a wife, because in the eyes of the society it is time for him to settle and be married. Charlotte knows that apart from some kind of security and happiness, marriage gives a woman a position. She has few hopes of happiness in marriage beyond the material comfort it can give and so she marries Collins who is inferior in intelligence, only for the ‘home and position’ he offers, as she believes â€Å"Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance†. The marriage and money theme operates in a baffling way when Elizabeth herself comes to marry. When she sees Pemberly, her ‘prejudice’ against Darcy begins to be ‘subdued’ and later by accepting him she makes the most glorious match of and of Austen’s heroines. The fact that Darcy has then thousand pounds a year is not to be ignored; it emphasizes the perfect adjustment between personal and social ambition achieved by Elizabeth. [Actually Jane Austen understood better than any other of her contemporary English novelists the degree to which social and personal behaviors and even emotion depend on the economic framework of the society.] Moreover, in her marriage with Darcy, affection and understanding, financial security and social engagement are juxtaposed. But to achieve all these material things she has never turned herself into a â€Å"husband-hunting butterfly† despite her mother’s inducement. Although she is aware of the fact that in her society a senile spinster, without any fortune, is faced with the prospect of a bleak future full of deprivation and humiliation, still she is the bold heroine who at first showed courage to refuse two marriage proposals. To Austen, sexuality was far less vital to relationships than its counterpart, affection. Therefore, Lydia’s ex-based marriage with the seductive but penniless Wickham later turns out to be an unsuccessful ones. Wickham’s plausible appearance even overwhelmed Elizabeth once. His former interest in Miss King and her â‚ ¤ 10,000 dowry alludes to the role of money in marriage. He only takes Lydia to London only for physical enjoyment. As a consequence, their marriage ends in his going â€Å"to enjoy himself in London† and Lydia’s patent failure in managing her household financially despite Darcy and Elizabeth’s continuous help. The Bingley-Jane marriage is another example of good marriage, like the Darcy- Elizabeth marriage, where mutual understanding, romance and financial  stability are combined. Their affection-based marriage works as both are perfectly amiable, modest and gentle. The established marriage of the Gardiners is too shadowy to have a dramatic role. We are only dimly aware of it as a satisfactory relationship between two apparently similar type of persons. In â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† we experience different marriages in the light of one another. Austen presents all the material for an al-round understanding and view: Jane and Elizabeth, combing love and marriage, Charlotte marries for safety, Lydia repenting at leisure. The married couples are equally varied, from well-matched like the Gardiners to ill-suited like the Bennets. The novel says in effect that the real object of love and marriage is not only financial security or physical passion or romance, but also the self-development that true relationships bring about. A marriage can only become an institution when it provides for the fulfillment of both men and women’s aspirations, sanctified by love and validated by prudence that both Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Collins can live on, the former drinking deep draughts of life’s fullness, the later continuing to sip its littleness. The richness of Pride and Prejudice lies in that exploration of life and marriage by Jane Austen.

Grammar translation method Essay

Both the grammar deracination manner and communicatory manner of speaking commandment argon teaching rules for getting a outside(prenominal) wording. Whereas the grammar definition method acting focuses on the shift of certain grammar rules and the edition of vocabulary, the communicatory attack aims for acquiring the attainment of talk for the apprentice Scrivener (2011). Both methods atomic number 18 impressive in their own sort, although the communicatory mount focuses on the potent finale of linguistic communication, that is to say intercourse amidst human beings. In this essay the grammar supplanting method and the communicative coming will be compared and contrasted, displace special emphasis on the confidence that the communicative uprise is more(prenominal) hard-hitting for the accomplishment and pictureing of a contrary phrase than the grammar translation method. First of all, a remarkable difference in verbiage utilization is notice able when comparing the ii methods.While the grammar translation method completely uses the scholarly persons mother tongue, the communicative approach shot uses nothing else but the actual marking wrangle. With the use of the mother tongue, it is easier to understand grammar and meaning of words. (Rhalmi, M. (2009). This is a required skill to decipher written text editions. When only victimization the contrasted language, the level of oral communication increases. (Rhalmi, M. (2009). To escort out which of both outcomes has a bigger lever, it needfully to be absolve what the original goal of language is. communication is a required skill to survive. literal communication is something that dates from the origin of the human kind. The excogitation of written language is a weed more recent. (Bright, W. (n.d). This proves that language is originally utilise for communication. Given this point, there nominate be concluded that the outcome of the communicative approach has bigger value to languages actual goal.In contrast, a actually attractive feature on the grammar translation method is its easily understandable score of grammar, words and phrases. Because of the item that all the definition happens in the mother tongue, it is easy for the assimilator to understand what is being said.Also, learners acquire a go against capacity of understanding synonyms in the foreign language, due to the fact that they direct already learn the meaning. Secondly, the communication between instructor and learner is flawless. Since the teacher and the learner speak the same language, the teacher can easily verify whether the pupils have learned what is just explained. (Fitriyanti, R. (2011).Within the communicative approach, the communication between student and teacher is a lot more difficult and obtuse in the informant, which has to do with the use of signal language only. However, the communication between teacher and learner is from much more val ue as the learner becomes more beaten(prenominal) with the foreign language (Abradi, C. (n.d). Because of goal aimed teaching in communicative language teaching, the communicative competence improves quickly (this will be explained later).What this says is that the tedious communication at the beginning can better be seen as a education moment, rather than a disadvantage. Thirdly, in both methods there is a completely different way of acquiring skills. With the grammar translation method the students are supposed(p) to learn the rules about the target language when sitting down and listening to their teacher. Grammar structures are explained and vocabulary is taught through word lists with a translation. The learners practice to concur what theyve learned exists out of exercises where the learner needs to translate sentences or texts from the native to the target language and the other way around. (Rahlmi, M. (2009).Thus, this is a rather passive way of learning. The communicati ve language teaching lessons are preferably different. These lessons contain meaningful activities in which the learner is required to interact. The activities are based on the interest of the learner to boost learning motivation. (Rhalmi, M. (2009). So, whereas the grammar translation method is rather passive, communicative language teaching is quite a active. inactive learning is not really effective for the learner. (Ebbens, S (2013) states that a much better result of learning is caused by (inter)active practice.To go on, the teachers portion is quite different in both methods. With the grammar translation method, the teacher is basically the guide for the learning surgical operation. The method is teacher centred, which means that the manikin focuses just on the explanation of the teacher. The role of the teacher here is to provide breeding to the students (Fitriyanti, R. (2011). Teachers in communicative classrooms will find themselves talking less and listening morebec oming active facilitators of their students learning (Larsen-Freeman, 1986) The communicative approach is a student centred method. Although the teacher sets up the exercise, it is the learners cognitive process which fills up roughly of the lesson (Orellana. (2007). Thelearning process is less effective when the teacher does most work in the classroom (teacher centred method) alternatively of the students doing most work in the classroom. (student centred method) (Ebbens, S (2013).A fifth issue, on which the devil methods can be compared and contrasted on, is its historical background. The fact that learners of the grammar translation method are not able to produce comprehensive return in the form of oral communication, became unambiguous in the years 1939 until 1945 (World War II) when the grammar translation method was not teaching students the foreign language effectively enough to die with allies or to understand the communication theory of the enemy, which was required to survive. When this occurred, a new approach appeared known as the audio linguistic method which was based on structural linguistics and (The Grammar-Translation Method, n.d,).In 1957 the audio lingual method was criticised by the prominent linguist Noam Chomsky for its unfitness to teach learners to creatively apply language (Rhalmi, M. (2009). Partly because of this criticism, during the 60s of the 20th century, commutative language teaching was introduced in the classroom. (Rhalmi, M. (2009). This states that communicative language teaching was invented as a response on an alternative method for the grammar translation method. Thus, the communicative approach is actually already a more modern and fit method of teaching the core goal language has.To summarise the main points menti superstard in this essay The difference of language usage in both methods, the advantage in language usage of both methods, the way of acquiring skills in both methods, the teacher and students role , and the historical background of both methods. These points given, I can conclude that the communicative approach of teaching a language is more effective to teach the learner languages original goal, communication, than the grammar translation method. Although, if one is talking about comprehensive produce in the form of letters and/or written text translations, the grammar translation method is superior to the communicative approach.BibliographyRhalmi, M. (2009). Communicative lecture Teaching (The CommunicativeApproach). Available http//www.myenglishpages.com/blog/communicative-language-teaching-communicative-approach/. hold out accessed 05/06/2014. Bright, W. (n.d). Whats the Difference between Speech and Writing?.Available http//www.linguisticsociety.org//resource/whats-difference-between-speech-and-writing. utmost(a) accessed 05/06/2014. Rahlmi, M. (2009). Grammar Translation Method. Available http//www.myenglishpages.com/blog/grammar-translation-method/. ending accesse d 05/06/2014. Fitriyanti, R. (2011). Grammar Translation Method. Available http//novaekasari09.wordpress.com/2011/06/12/grammar-translation-method/. stand up accessed 05/06/2014. Abradi, C. (n.d). Advantages and disadvantages of communicative language teaching. Available https//www.academia.edu/4743392/Communicative_ language_Teaching_theories_lesson_plan_and_application. Last accessed 05/06/2014. Orellana. (2007). The Communicative Approach in slope as a Foreign Language Teaching Leer ms http//www.monografias.com/trabajos18/the-communicative-approach/the-communicative-approach.shtmlhowixzz33uLe7fXe.Available http//www.monografias.com/trabajos18/the-communicative-approach/the-communicative-approach.shtmlhow. Last accessed 07/06/2014. The Grammar-Translation Method. (n.d). Available http//hlr.byu.edu/methods/content/text/grammar-text.htm. Last accessed 02/06/2014. Scrivener (2011). Learning Teaching. third ed. Londen Macmillian. 31-32. Ebbens, S (2013). Effectief leren. Houten Noor dhoff uitgevers.