Classical Conditioning Essay Example for Free

Classical Conditioning EssayIt is a continuous challenge living with post-traumatic mark disorder (posttraumatic stress disorder), and Ive suffered from it for most of my conduct. I can look back now and gently jocularity at all the mass who thought I had the perfect life. I was young, beautiful, and talented, further unbe knownst to them, I was terrorized by an undiagnosed debilitating mental illness. Having been properly diagnosed with PTSD at age 35, I know that there is not one aspect of my life that has gone untouched by this mental illness. My PTSD was triggered by several traumas, most all crucial(predicate)ly a sexual attack at natural languagepoint that left me persuasion I would die.I would neer be the same after that attack. For me there was no safe shopping center in the realness, not rase my home. I went to the police and filed a report. Rape counselors came to see me eyepatch I was in the hospital, but I declined their help, convinced that I didnt need it. This would be the most prejudicious decision of my life. For months after the attack, I couldnt close my eyes without envisioning the face of my attacker. I suffered fearsome flashbacks and nightmares. For four years after the attack I was unable to sleep alone in my house. I obsessively checked windows, doors, and locks.By age 17, Id suffered my returntime panic attack. Soon I became unable to tolerate my apartment for weeks at a time, fetch uping my modeling cable career abruptly. This just became a way of life. Years passed when I had few or no symptoms at all, and I led what I thought was a fairly normal life, just idea I had a panic problem. hence another traumatic event retriggered the PTSD. It was as if the past had evaporated, and I was back in the place of my attack, more(prenominal)(prenominal)over now I had un get windlable thoughts of someone entering my house and harming my daughter. I saw violent images every(prenominal) time I closed my eyes.I conf used all magnate to concentrate or even complete simple tasks. Normally social, I stopped trying to make friends or get touch in my community. I often felt disoriented, forgetting where, or who, I was. I would panic on the state highway and became unable to drive, again ending a career. I felt as if I had completely lost my mind. For a time, I managed to keep it together on the outside, but then I became unable to leave my house again. Around this time I was diagnosed with PTSD. I cannot express to you the enormous relief I felt when I discovered my condition was real and treatable. I felt safe for the first time in 32 years.Taking medication and undergoing behavioral therapy marked the turning point in my regaining control of my life. Im rebuilding a satisfying career as an artist, and I am enjoying my life. The world is new to me and not limited by the restrictive vision of anxiety. It amazes me to think back to what my life was ilk only a year ago, and just how far Ive come. For me there is no cure, no last-place healing. But there are things I can do to ensure that I never pack to suffer as I did sooner being diagnosed with PTSD. Im no longer at the mercy of my disorder, and I would not be here today had I not had the proper diagnosis and treatment.The most important thing to know is that its never too late to seek help. 1 In the early part of the 20th century, Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (18491936) was landing fielding the digestive system of dogs when he noticed an evoke behavioral phenomenon The dogs began to salivate when the lab technicians who normally fed them entered the room, even though the dogs had not yet legitimate any food for thought. Pavlov realized that the dogs were salivating because they knew that they were about to be fed the dogs had begun to coadjutor the arrival of the technicians with the food that soon followed their visual aspect in the room.With his team of researchers, Pavlov began studying this process in m ore detail. He conducted a series of experiments in which, over a number of trials, dogs were exposed to a sound immediately before receiving food. He systematically controlled the onset of the sound and the timing of the delivery of the food, and recorded the amount of the dogs salivation. Initially the dogs salivated only when they saw or smelled the food, but after several pairings of the sound and the food, the dogs began to salivate as soon as they heard the sound.The physicals had erudite to associate the sound with the food that followed. Pavlov identified a fundamental associative come acrossedness process called unequivocal condition. Classical instruct refers to learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e. g. , a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e. g. , food) that of course produces a specific behavior. After the association is learned, the previously neutral stimulus is sufficient to produce the behavior. As you can see in the following figure, psych ologists use specific terms to identify the stimuli and the responses in absolute learn.The categorical stimulus (US) is something (such(prenominal) as food) that triggers a natural occurring response, and the innate response (UR) is the naturally occurring response (such as salivation) that follows the un well-educated stimulus. The conditioned stimulus (CS) is a neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a response similar to the response to the unconditioned stimulus. In Pavlovs experiment, the sound of the tone served as the conditioned stimulus that, after learning, produced the conditioned response (CR), which is the acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus.Note that the UR and the CR are the same behaviorin this fictional character salivationbut they are given different name because they are produced by different stimuli (the US and the CS, respectively). Classical Conditioning Before conditioning, the u nconditioned stimulus (US) naturally produces the unconditioned response (UR). Top right Before conditioning, the neutral stimulus (the whistle) does not produce the salivation response. tail assembly left The unconditioned stimulus (US), in this case the food, is repeatedly presented immediately after the neutral stimulus. tooshie right After learning, the neutral stimulus (now known as the conditioned stimulus or CS), is sufficient to produce the conditioned responses (CR). From flatcar World Knowledge, Introduction to Psychology, v1. 0, CC-BY-NC-SA. Conditioning is evolutionarily beneficial because it allows organisms to get around expectations that help them give for both good and bad events. Imagine, for instance, that an animal first smells a new food, eats it, and then gets sick. If the animal can learn to associate the smell (CS) with the food (US), then it leave quick learn that the food creates the negative outcome and will not eat it next time. mental faculty 13 /Th e Persistence and liquidation of Conditioning After he had present that learning could occur through association, Pavlov moved on to study the variables that influenced the strength and the persistence of conditioning. In some studies, after the conditioning had taken place, Pavlov presented the sound repeatedly but without presenting the food afterward. As you can see, after the initial acquisition (learning) phase in which the conditioning occurred, when the CS was then presented alone, the behavior rapidly decreasedthe dogs salivated less and less to the sound, and eventually the sound did not extend salivation at all.Extinction is the reduction in responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus. Although at the end of the first extermination period the CS was no longer producing salivation, the effects of conditioning had not completely disappeared. Pavlov found that, after a pause, sounding the tone again elici ted salivation, although to a lesser issue than before extinction took place. The increase in responding to the CS following a pause after extinction is known as spontaneous recovery.When Pavlov again presented the CS alone, the behavior again showed extinction. Although the behavior has disappeared, extinction is never complete. If conditioning is again attempted, the animal will learn the new associations much faster than it did the first time. Pavlov excessively experimented with presenting new stimuli that were similar, but not identical to, the original conditioned stimulus. For instance, if the dog had been conditioned to being scratched before the food arrived, the stimulus would be changed to being rubbed rather than scratched.He found that the dogs also salivated upon experiencing the similar stimulus, a process known as abstract entity. Generalization refers to the tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus. The ability to generalize has important evolutionary significance. If we eat some red berries and they make us sick, it would be a good idea to think twice before we eat some purple berries. Although the berries are not exactly the same, they nevertheless are similar and may have the same negative properties.Lewicki 1 conducted research that demonstrated the influence of stimulus generalization and how quickly and easily it can happen. In his experiment, high school students first had a brief interaction with a female experimenter who had short hair and glasses. The study was set up so that the students had to ask the experimenter a question, and (according to random assignment) the experimenter responded either in a negative way or a neutral way toward the students. Then the students were told to go into a second room in which deuce experimenters were present, and to approach either one of them.However, the researchers arranged it so that one of the two experimenters looked a lot uniform the original exper imenter, while the other one did not (she had longer hair and no glasses). The students were significantly more likely to avoid the experimenter who looked like the earlier experimenter when that experimenter had been negative to them than when she had treated them more neutrally. The participants showed stimulus generalization such that the new, similar-looking experimenter created the same negative response in the participants as had the experimenter in the prior session.The flip side of generalization is discriminationthe tendency to respond differently to stimuli that are similar but not identical. Pavlovs dogs quickly learned, for slip, to salivate when they heard the specific tone that had preceded food, but not upon hearing similar tones that had never been associated with food. contrast is also usefulif we do try the purple berries, and if they do not make us sick, we will be able to make the distinction in the future. And we can learn that although the two slew in our cl ass, Courtney and Sarah, may look a lot alike, they are nevertheless different people with different personalities.In some cases, an existing conditioned stimulus can serve as an unconditioned stimulus for a pairing with a new conditioned stimulusa process known as second-order conditioning. In one of Pavlovs studies, for instance, he first conditioned the dogs to salivate to a sound, and then repeatedly diametrical a new CS, a black square, with the sound. Eventually he found that the dogs would salivate at the imagination of the black square alone, even though it had never been directly associated with the food.Secondary conditioners in everyday life include our attractions to things that stand for or remind us of something else, such as when we feel good on a Friday because it has become associated with the paycheck that we receive on that day, which itself is a conditioned stimulus for the pleasures that the paycheck buys us. Module 13 /The Role of record in Classical Conditi oning Scientists associated with the behaviorist school argued that all learning is driven by experience, and that nature plays no role.Classical conditioning, which is based on learning through experience, represents an example of the importance of the environment. But classical conditioning cannot be understood entirely in terms of experience. Nature also plays a part, as our evolutionary history has made us better able to learn some associations than others. Clinical psychologists make use of classical conditioning to explain the learning of a phobic disordera strong and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. For example, cause a car is a neutral event that would not normally elicit a fear response in most people.But if a person were to experience a panic attack in which he suddenly experienced strong negative emotions while driving, he may learn to associate driving with the panic response. The driving has become the CS that now creates the fear response . Psychologists have also discovered that people do not develop phobias to just anything. Although people may in some cases develop a driving phobia, they are more likely to develop phobias toward objects (such as snakes, spiders, heights, and open spaces) that have been dangerous to people in the past.In modern life, it is rare for humans to be bitten by spiders or snakes, to fall from trees or buildings, or to be attacked by a predator in an open area. Being injured while riding in a car or being cut by a knife are much more likely. But in our evolutionary past, the potential of being bitten by snakes or spiders, falling out of a tree, or being trapped in an open space were important evolutionary concerns, and therefore humans are still evolutionarily prepared to learn these associations over others. 1 2 Another evolutionarily important type of conditioning is conditioning related to food.In his important research on food conditioning, butt Garcia and his colleagues 3 4 attempted to condition rats by presenting either a taste, a sight, or a sound as a neutral stimulus before the rats were given drugs (the US) that made them nauseous. Garcia discovered that taste conditioning was extremely powerfulthe rat learned to avoid the taste associated with illness, even if the illness occurred several hours later. But conditioning the behavioral response of nausea to a sight or a sound was much more difficult.These results contradicted the idea that conditioning occurs entirely as a result of environmental events, such that it would occur every bit for any kind of unconditioned stimulus that followed any kind of conditioned stimulus. Rather, Garcias research showed that genetics mattersorganisms are evolutionarily prepared to learn some associations more easily than others. You can see that the ability to associate smells with illness is an important survival mechanism, allowing the organism to quickly learn to avoid foods that are poisonous.Classical conditioning has also been used to help explain the experience of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as in the case of P. K. Philips described at the beginning of this module. PTSD is a severe anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a fearful event, such as the threat of death. 5 PTSD occurs when the individual develops a strong association between the situational factors that surrounded the traumatic event (e. g. , military uniforms or the sounds or smells of war) and the US (the fearful trauma itself).As a result of the conditioning, being exposed to, or even thinking about the situation in which the trauma occurred (the CS), becomes sufficient to produce the CR of severe anxiety. 6 Posttraumatic Stress perturbation (PTSD) A Case of Classical Conditioning Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) represents a case of classical conditioning to a severe trauma that does not easily become extinct. In this case the original fear response, experienced during combat, has become conditione d to a loud noise. When the person with PTSD hears a loud noise, he or she experiences a fear response despite being far from the site of the original trauma.From Flat World Knowledge, Introduction to Psychology, v1. 0. Thinkstock. PTSD develops because the emotions experienced during the event have produced neural activity in the amygdala and created strong conditioned learning. In addition to the strong conditioning that people with PTSD experience, they also show slower extinction in classical conditioning tasks. 7 In short, people with PTSD have certain very strong associations with the events surrounding the trauma and are also slow to show extinction to the conditioned stimulus.