Ultrasound Imaging Systems

Ultra heavy Imaging Systems1.1 INTRODUCTIONAn ultrasonography watchs as well as cognize as ultrasonography. Ultra bottom leave al maven form the image by examine using the richly frequency sound swans. This device suitable to esteem some part inside of the body. In physics, ultrasound is a sound with a frequency humans quite a littlenot hear. In diagnostic sonography, the ultrasound is unremarkably between 2 and 18 MHz. (Anon 2012)2.0 THE ULTRASOUND IMAGING SYSTEM visualize 1 The principal functional components of an ultrasound imaging system.(Perry Sprawls n.d.)2.1 TRANSDUCERThe ultrasound transducer converts an electric signal into the ultrasound disseminate. The signal transmitted into the patients body, and so alters the returning echo into an electrical signal for processing and display. It use single-element street arab disk to both transmit and receive ultrasound. (Hedrick et al. 2005)2.1.1 CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSDUCERCrystal of piezoelectric real(a) with electr odes is the main part of the transducer. The electrodes argon formed by coat a thin film of gold or silver on the crystal surface. The unified layer is located adjacent to the electrodes. The function is to remedy the transfer of vitality to and from the patient. All this part of the transducer is placed in an electric on the wholey insulating casing. This casing pull up stakes give structural support. An acoustical insulator is make of rubber or cork it works to prevents the transmission of ultrasound zilch into the casing. (Hedrick et al. 2005)2.1.1.1 PIEZOELECTRIC secularSWhen we change the transducer it will change the frequency too. A high frequency transducer that produces a shorter wave continuance has a thinner crystal. Norm onlyy the material that endless(prenominal)ly almost employ in transducer is lead zirconate titanate (PZT). PZT represents a piezoelectric ceramics with mingled extracts. It will change the properties to equal a particular application. In medi cal, PZT-5 is employ because it has the properties of high electromechanical coupling coefficient, high dielectric constant, and ability to be formed in a particular size and shape. (Hedrick et al. 2005)2.1.1.2 BACKING MATERIALThe functions of backing material will deliver the uttermost amount of cypher in the form of heat to the patient. This is will give a nonstop output of ultrasound waves from the transducer. The other function is to absorb altogether the vital force except for the one cycle of sound. Meanings that one that produced from the await face of the transducer. Backing materials should hold back acoustic impedance so that maximum goose egg transfer will occur. Besides that, backing material should have a high absorption coefficient. This is to prevent inaudible nothing from reentering the crystal. In the backing material, they will use an epoxy resin and tungsten grind combination to damp the ultrasonic throb. Next, the rear surface of the backing material s is diagonal to prevent reflection of sound energy into the crystal. (Hedrick et al. 2005)2.1.1.3 MATCHING LAYERThe matching layer is placed in the transducer on the exit side of the crystal. This material with acoustic impedance is placed between the crystal and the patient. The function of the acoustic impedance to produced ultrasonic energy to be largely reflected at this interface. This creates a long pulse and reduces the putz meretriciousness that enters the patient, which is we did not want it in the ultrasound. The reason why we need the matching layer is to shorten the pulse and the improve energy transfer across the crystal-tissue interface. However, the matching layer moldiness have low-loss properties since high attenuation would stabilize the desired effect of high transmission. (Hedrick et al. 2005)2.2 PULSE GENERATORThe pulse generator produces the electrical pulses. The size of the electrical pulses can be employ to change the intensiveness and energy of the ul trasound tool. (Perry Sprawls n.d.)2.3 AMPLIFICATIONAfter the echo is received by the transducer, amplification is used to intensification the size of the electrical pulses. Gain gradeting will controls the amount of amplification. The magazine gain compensation function is to alter the increase in kindred to the distance of echo sites inside the body. (Hedrick et al. 2005)2.4 SCAN GENERATORControlling the examine of the ultrasound beam is done by the scan generator. The way is by control the procedure when electrical pulses are functional to the piezoelectric elements in the transducer. (Perry Sprawls n.d.)2.5 IMAGE PROCESSORThe digital imageis to produce the chosenforms for display. This includes giving it specific lineage characteristics and reformatting the image. (Perry Sprawls n.d.)2.6 DISPLAYThe digital ultrasound images are observed on the monitor lizard and transmitted to work station. The other part of the ultrasound system is the digital storage device. The function is to store images for later lieuing.(Perry Sprawls n.d.)3.0 THE ULTRASOUND PULSE portend 3 The production of the ultrasound pulse. (Perry Sprawls n.d.)4.0 ULTRASOUND CHARACTERISTIC4.1 FREQUENCYfrequency is the number of wave cycles passing a given point in a given increase of time. The unit is cycles/ second or hertz. absolute frequency is the inverse of the period. (Hedrick et al. 2005) omen 4 The ultrasound pulse frequency. (Perry Sprawls n.d.)4.2 VELOCITY hurrying is the rate and direction at which sound propagates through a medium. The fair velocity of sound in soft tissue is 1540 m/s. (Hedrick et al. 2005)Figure 5 The ultrasound of velocity. (Perry Sprawls n.d.)4.3 WAVELENGTHWavelength is a physical characteristic of a wave that is the distance for one complete wave cycle. (Hedrick et al. 2005)Figure 6 The wavelength of the ultrasound. (Perry Sprawls n.d.)4.4 bountifulnessAmplitude used to refer to the particle displacement, particle velocity or acoustic pressure of a sound wave. Amplitude also maneuver the strength of the detected echo or the voltage induced in a crystal by a pressure wave. (Hedrick et al. 2005)5.0 INTENSITY AND agencyIntensity is a physical parameter that describes the amount of energy move through a unit cross-sectional area of a beam from each one second. This is the rate at which the wave transmits the energy everywhere a small area. The unit of intensity is the watt per square centimeter or joule per second per square centimeter. (Hedrick et al. 2005)Power is a measure of the original energy transmitted summed over the entire cross-sectional area of the beam per unit time. The unit of power is the watt. (Hedrick et al. 2005)5.1 TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICSAs the transducer emits pulses, it causes large instabilities of intensity in the constituent through which the pulse move. Each pulse consists of bigeminal cycles that produce intensity variations within the pulse itself-the maximum intensity, designated profane pe ak (TP). Pulse average (PA) will controls the intensity averaged over the duration of a single pulse. Temporal average (TA) will controls the intensity averaged over the long-lived interval of the pulse repetition period. The TA intensity is related to the PA intensity by the duty factor (DF)TA = DFPA or by the pulse duration (PD) and pulse repetition frequency (PRF)TA =PD PRF PA.(Hedrick et al. 2005)5.2 SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICSThe maximum intensity of all measured value within the sound field is designated as the spatial peak (SP). The agnomen of spatial peak is not well-defined. In some applications it refers to the maximum intensity in a plane perpendicular to the beam axis at a particular distance from the transducer. The maximum intensity throughout the ultrasonic field which usually occurs along the beam axis. The focusing of the transducer is the most primal determinant of spatial peak.(Hedrick et al. 2005)5.3 TEMPORAL/SPATIAL COMBINATIONSpatial averaging over the cross-s ectional area of the beam for each temporal intensity is also specified. A cutoff point of 0.25 times the SP intensity has been established to the coiffure area over which the intensity is averaged. These three combinations are possible to hazard are I(SATP)-spatial average, temporal peak intensity, I(SAPA)-spatial average, pulse average intensity and I(SATA)-spatial average, temporal average intensity.(Hedrick et al. 2005)6.0 INTERACTIONS OF ULTRASOUNDFigure 7 The interaction within a body of ultrasound (Perry Sprawls n.d.).6.1 ABSORPTION AND ATTENUATIONAbsorption is the procedure whereby energy is placed in a medium by converting ultrasonic energy into other energy forms, primarily heat. It is an exponentially decreasing function and is the study factor in the total attenuation of the beam. (Hedrick et al. 2005)attenuation is the decrease in intensity as a sound beam travels through the medium. Attenuation depends on all the interactions of ultrasound with tissues which include scattering, divergence, and absorption. (Hedrick et al. 2005) Scattering is the rerouting of sound energy resulting from the sound beam striking an interface whose physical dimension is less than one wavelength. It is also called non specular reflection. (Hedrick et al. 2005)6.2 REFLECTIONReflection is an interaction that results when the sound being redirected into the medium after striking an acoustic interface. The angle of relative incidence equals the angle of reflection. The intensity of the reflected wave is depends on the composition of the interface. (Hedrick et al. 2005)6.3 REFRACTION refraction is a process whereby sound enters one medium from another that will result in a bending or deviation of a sound beam from the predictable straight-line path. Refraction obeys Snells law, which is based on the ratio of the velocity of the sound in the respective media. Refraction will make artifacts in the image by the misregistration of structures (Hedrick et al. 2005)7.0 PULSE D IAMETER AND circulate WIDTHA low-Q transducer has a short pulse length and a broad bandwidth while a high-Q transducer has a long pulse length and narrow bandwidth. The inclinationives beam width is to transmit a beam that would be directional with a narrow beam width. An echo is created anyway of the side(prenominal) position of the object in the ultrasonic field. The lateral dimension of the object in the image is defined as the same size as the beam width. Multiple small objects equidistant from the transducer are not solved when encompassed by the beam. Focusing reduces the beam width at specific discernment to enhance the spatial mapping of received echoes.(Ding et al. 2014) Sampling is restricted laterally by the width of the beam. Objects located outside the beam do not contribute signals. (Small 1971)7.1 TRANSDUCER contractSINGThe focusing transducer made-up with an indented active element exhibits practically broader bandwidth and higher esthesia. To fabricate focusi ng transducers, we can add a electron lens and shaping the piezoelectric element. Among the focusing transducer designing methods, the shaping element used in transducers was reported to be much powerful for fabricating high sensitivity device. Hard pressing and pressure defection techniques are the usual shipway to shape transducer elements. For the flexible composite and polymer materials, the focusing transducer can be easy fabricated using those techniques.(Chen et al. 2013)Figure 8 The width and pulse diam characteristics of both unfocused and focused transducer. (Perry Sprawls n.d.)7.2 ADJUSTABLE TRANSMIT FOCUS channel focusing happen when the depth of the focal zone is altered by varying the deferment times between crystal excitations. (Wright 1997)The scanning of the region of interest is conducted with a depth of focus selected by the operator. After revaluation of the real-time image, a new focal zone may be certain to rescan the same area with dissimilar focusing i n the scan plane. The beam is focused to a new depth simply by changing the delay times. The transducers that have the capabilities of this focusing are phased linear arrays. (Kossoff Eng 2000)Electronic phasing of the elements allows variant focusing along the scan line which in turn controls beam width in the plane direction. High resolution images with multiple focal zones throughout the images are also possible using this adjustment delay lines. Multi zone transmit focusing reduces the frame rate, because the data must be composed for all the lines of sight across the array with a set focal zone depth before the lines of sight are insistent with a different focal zone depth.7.3 DYNAMIC RECEIVE FOCUSDynamic focusing is in the receive mode. It does will reduce the effective sampling volume.(Kossoff Eng 2000) Dynamic focusing will operate at all depths. The wave front from the object appears to be in phase for all the crystals resulting in a focused beam from the depth of inter est. Beam validation is the delay and sum of strategy. The master synchronizer sends timing messages to the receiver-delay lines to indicate the slide by time from transmission to reception. The elapsed time determines the delay times for each crystal. The depth for receive focus is always known, and thus receive-delay times are constantly changed to yield continually focused beam at all depths. During acquisition of image data the receive times delays are vary dynamically to sweep the focal zone to each point along the scan line. (Hedrick et al. 2005)8.0 CONCLUSIONIn ultrasound, high frequencies provide better timberland images, but cannot penetrate through skin and organ deeply. Low frequencies can penetrate deeper, but the image quality is poor. Ultrasound is useful to view part inside of the body. They may also be useful in helping the surgeon when carrying out some types of biopsies. Ultrasound is a one of the safe procedure in imaging department.

Cultural Diversity In The Fire Service Criminology Essay

Cultural Diversity In The flak catcher servicing Criminology EssayTodays society is much to a greater extent complicated than it eer has been. The change from even ten years ago is considered drastic. Workplace smorgasbord is a springy compvirtuosont to each piece of work, whether its private, public, state, federal, or any pertly(prenominal) entity. Merriam-Websters Dictionary defines novelty as the condition of having or be make up of various elements variety especially the inclusion of divers(a) mountain (as spate of different races or lasts) in a group or scheme (Merriam-Webster).Workers in todays society argon protected by the civilised Rights travel of 1964, which protects employees and job appli cig bettets from dissimilitude by employers. It protects from acts of favoritism via race, g reverseer, ethnic group, age, personality, education, and more, which is enforced by the unify States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). The EEOC applies to almost employers with at least 15 or more employees. The EEOC headquarters located in Washington D.C., along with its 53 field offices throughout the United States peck investigate strips, while also providing other serves such as statistics, guides and templates for EEO surveys, outreach and education, enforcement and litigation, and initiatives.Benefits of workplace revolution are countless, exactly the following are a few that standout. Workplace kind encompasses a three-dimensional shape up, meaning that it is exceed for the employer, employee, and together as a whole. It increases adaptability, which means that employees with diverse backgrounds finish bring together together their experiences, talents, and suggestions to split up the organization, which encompasses the three-dimensional approach (Greenberg). Within this three-dimensional approach includes a benefit callight-emitting diode variety of viewpoints. By utilizing the variety of employees that you befool in your workplace you bottomland meet the needs of the business and the customers more efficaciously (Greenberg). When discussing workplace mixture a problem that can often follow is a breakdown in communication. While it is important that employers staff people of all different races and ethnic groups, it moldiness be taken into good depart that on that point may be a language barrier. Communication is vital for any business or organization to properly function, so it is in the take up interest of the employer to make sure that whatever sayation is being dispersed, is being done so that everyone has an equal generaliseing.A good way to establish the effectiveness of workplace diversity is to assess and evaluate your diversity serve. This can be accomplished by an employee satisfaction survey, and ordain exemplify the management team with obstacles that are present along with any mental strain _or_ system of government that needs to be added or eradicated. When choosing a workplace diversity course of study it moldiness be comprehensive, attain qualified, and measureable. In purchase tack to do so, employer and employee, along with employee and employee must cohesively work together. The contrive needs to establish the needs for the whole business, and non just a certain few who might have the most say so in developing such plan. Second, the plan must be attainable. In order to do this, you need to set benchmarks or goals to reach in a certain timeframe. Creating an attainable plan is naturalistic and makes sure that every function indoors it is accomplished. Lastly, the plan must be measurable. In order to do this you can look at similar workplace diversity plans for businesses a desire and compare and contrast benchmarks and reports. A measurable plan is one that is quantifiable, assessable, finite, and verifiable. In order to make sure you incorporate all of this into your plan, a simple rubric can be followed, which is S.M.A .R.T. (Creating S.M.A.R.T. Goals).Specific Who, what, when, where, why? measurable Tracking progress toward the attainment of goals.Attainable Set incremental goals to swear outer you reach milestones.Realistic Objectives to which you are both willing and able to work. by the way Timeframes are required in order to reach goals, without any timeframe there would be unsatiscomponenty performance.Workplace diversity is very important for a successful business. By practicing effective workplace diversity with the simple guidance provided, you will not only produce a better workplace for your employees but employees will also produce a better workplace for the employer.Diversity in RecruitmentA cc6 International Association of energize Fighters (IAFF) report, titled Achieving and Retaining a Diverse Workforce, analyzed the factors that hinder diversity in the burn down service. The honourings in the report were establish on a publications review and statistical analysis. The writings review prevented proposed solutions from research to the diversity problem. The statistical analysis was created after surveying a number of divisions astir(predicate) their diversity and enlisting practices. The statistics were then used to validate the claims made in the literature (Fox, Hornick Hardin, 2006).Overall, the report found that there were five main obstacles to minority recruitment. They are listed below1. Most departments are passive on the issue. Diversity is not some involvement that will happen unless departments are engaged in the community and the recruitment process.2. Hiring processes do not measure all required job skills. If hiring processes counseling on one peculiar(prenominal) attribute (i.e. physical vs. cognitive abilities) than the chance as a whole will not be observed.3. all requirements for education, certification, or experience will hurt minorities. Often, traditional hiring pools score better in these areas than minorities.4. Depa rtments do not know how to reach the desired groups. utile methods of recruitment to reach specific groups are discussed below.5. Departments do not make known a clear message of diversity. A diversity message should be used consistently from recruitment, to date of hire, to trading with the department.The study found that there were eight methods of recruitment that correlated directly to substantial recruitment of minorities. distributively department used these in some sort of combination, so these are not necessarily listed in order of effectiveness (Fox, Hornick Hardin, 2006).1. Word of mouth. This will probably be the most effective way to recruit for any job. However, educe departments can have members from the targeted group in their communities.2. lump advertising. Formal advertising could be print advertisements, radio spots, flyers, etc. These messages should be enjoin at the desired group.3. Direct mail. Mailings can be used to inform candidates of deadlines and rates in the hiring process. This takes the burden of them and they will not miss a step.4. Cadet/Explorer programs. These programs will help educate children and newfangled adults about the possibility of the usher out service as a career. This will help them compete with traditional applicants, since they often do have these opportunities.5. naturals stories. The department can partner with local media outlets to produce stories about how the department value diversity. This would provide encouragement for minority applicants.6. Diversity messages. Departments should have written diversity messages. These messages can be used in advertisement and recruitment materials. This would repay the candidates belief that the department values diversity.7. Attend churches, cultural events, job fairs. This is the best way to get a message out to community to go out in it. Recruiters can take diversity messages to sell employment opportunities to minority candidates.8. Candidate prepara tion. Offer informational sessions that will help minority plan for interviews, written tests, and physical agility tests. Do not allow these sessions to be filled with traditional applicants.This overview is by no means an exhaustive drumhead of the information contained in the report. There is much more knowledge contained in the seventy-one page document. Fire service administrators could study this publication to run into how it applies to these specific diversity problems (Fox, Hornick Hardin, 2006)Women in The Fire ServiceWomen in the educe service dates back longer than anyone may realize. The first known womanish in the United States chivvy service was a slave from refreshing York named Molly Williams, who was said to have fought nets during the early 1800s. The first all-woman forest cutfighting conspiracy was assembled in California in 1942 and the first female in magnetic north Carolina (Winston Salem) was Sandra Forcier in 1973. In a career that is traditional ly dominated by men, white men especially, is seeing a change among the faces representing the awaken service. accord to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, there are approx 11,800 women nationwide are industrious as career fire fighters and of those 4.5% are white, 2.9% are b overlook or African American. Women comprise about 4 percent of the volunteer fire service, an estimated 32,000 members (Wiling, 2012).Women are found in all ranks of the fire service, from recruit relief pitcher up to chief of department. Women fire chiefs lead organizations ranging in size from lesser volunteer departments up to those that protect cities the size of Madison, Wisconsin county departments such as Cobb County, tabun and comparable agencies within the wildland fire service. There is no such thing as a typical woman firefighter. Women firefighters come from all backgrounds, races and ethnicities. They may be single, partnered, married, divorced, or widowed. They may be 62 and weigh 200 pounds, o r 51 and weigh 110 pounds. They may have no children, or be mothers or grandmothers. They may be as young as 18 or as old as 70. They may have a high-school education or Ph.D. What this diverse array of women firefighters has in common is their dedication to their work and their commitment to serving their communities through the fire service (Brenda Berkman, Teresa M. Floren, Linda F. Willing, 1999).With all that being said and situations ever ever-changing, there are many issues that are still a major concern for women in the fire service. To name a few of the issues, sexual harassment, sleeping and showering facilities and preventive gear still pose a problem for women. Because of the lack of recruiting the close of the firehouse physical agility testing that favors men and the lack of accommodations within fire mails for female firefighters makes it hard for females to even want to accomplish their dream. So what can be done to help the process for recruiting and hiring more women for the fire service?Have a prerecruitment checklistThe application and testing processPolicy Development and ReviewRecruit TrainingFire station Facilities and Firefighter Protective Gear.So, as you can tell women do be to have a harder time joining fire departments, but like all other things in history, its slowly moving forward and being more acceptable. Good fire training creates a positive environment for new employees, modifys the skills of current firefighters, and leads a fire department safely and increasingly into the future. Bad fire training or none at allthreatens the arctic of all firefighters, reduces morale, particularly harms women firefighters chances of success, and violates the departments prime directive to provide the best contingent protection for the community it serves.Cultural Awareness in the CommunityThe cultural diversity in the communities that we serve is constantly changing and there is no way to stop that. We, as professionals in the fire service, must find ways to adapt and learn about these new cultures in order to effectively serve the community. Failing to do so can go away in a decrease in productivity and a painful reputation of your department.There are several ways that this can be accomplished however, the first and most important one begins with us. We must understand that certain cultures have different values and beliefs than our own and we must be able to tolerate these differences. Showing respect for that culture is the first step in doing so. This must be shown not just verbally, but also in the methods by which we conduct ourselves. A persons body language can be a good insight to their feelings about a particular situation. Not showing any judgment is another big factor when relations with a different culture. Stay away from any form of evaluation and try to explain things as safe or unsafe, or else of right or wrong. We must also show sympathy by putting ourselves into their shoes. Looking at s omething through their point of view can help us get a better understanding of how or why they do something. Lastly, we must stay focused on the end goal of breaking through a cultural barrier. There will be times where this may get very difficult but we cannot allow frustration to interfere.Although changing our attitudes and following these tips will help, they may sometimes not be enough. This is where training on a particular culture may be necessary. The training can include anything from learning about how the culture works, including any activities that they may consider taboo, to how to communicate with the members effectively.Fire Service Court Cases Involving Cultural DiversityThe fire service, like all other companies, businesses, and corporations, has undergone drastic changes in its ranks with the push to have a more diverse service, this push mainly imputable to the passage of the apostrophizely Rights Act of 1964. The mashly Rights Act of 1964 prohibits outlawed m ajor forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities, and women (The Civil Rights Act 1964), and has led to many butterfly consequence lawsuits against fire organizations for their displace to the law. The majority of civil rights violation cases brought against a fire organization are for the discrimination against someone, or a group of people. cardinal major cases that have been brought against a fire organization are the United States v. metropolis of refreshed York, which was an employment discrimination case, and Ricci v. DeStefano, which was a landmark discrimination case dealing with firefighter promotions. With the diversity of the fire service changing the inclusion of women in the fire service has increased, which has brought with it violations of the Civil Rights Act, dealing with sexual harassment. A case that was widely publicized was the lawsuit case of Michelle Maher v. The City of Fresno, which illustrated the burden that can be placed on a fire organization for violating the law. The fire service has been changing over the last thirty to forty years, with the inclusions of different types of minorities that have been incoming the fire service. With the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the court cases that have been brought against the fire service for violating their rights, the inclusion of diversity in the fire service has been brought to the avant-garde of the organizations issues.Discrimination cases brought against a fire organization brought by the Civil Rights Act cause negative public opinions of the entire fire service. Discrimination, falls under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act and refers to the interposition or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person or thing based on the group class, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on individual merit (USLegal Definitions). There have been both landmark cases brought against a fire organization with the subject of racial discrimination, the United States v. City of New York, and Ricci v. DeStefano. The United States v. City of New York was as case brought against the New York Fire Department, involving discrimination of blacks and Hispanic firefighter recruits. The allegation incriminate the City of New York of using tests that were unlawful, by changing the scores authorized for hiring entry level firefighters, leading to a noticeable disparate stir on minorities. The metropolis lost the case which awarded money, jobs, seniority, and noneconomic damages to individuals who were harmed by the Citys discrimination practices (DOJ). Ricci v. DeStefano was a reverse discrimination case that brought notice to a fire organization discriminating against non-minority employees, where firefighters mainly white firefighters were not given a promotion due to there being any African Americans able to pass a promotion test (Court). The court ruled in favor of the m ainly white firefighters leading to the promotion of many of them, and having to lessen paying over 5 trillion dollars to the fire fighter plaintiffs. With the lack of understanding the law of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and that the law protects both minorities and non-minorities against discrimination, led to millions of dollars spent in settlements, causing hardships on the fire organization involved, and the city they incorporate.With the increase in women firefighters there has been sex discrimination cases brought against the fire service, mostly coming in the form of sexual harassment. Sexual Harassment is a form of discrimination, under the Civil Rights Act, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of grammatical gender (The Civil Rights Act 1964). The case of Michelle Maher v. The City of Fresno brought the subject of gender discrimination in the fire service to the front page news. Maher was a new firefighter recruit in recruit school and was told by a superior th at she would not be successful in the fire service because she was a mother, and was not given the same opportunities as male recruits to improve her test scores (Michelle Maher vs. City of Fresno) which led to her being asked to resign or be expelled. Maher brought a sexual harassment suit against the city of Fresno, California, where the court found that she was discriminated against, leading to a settlement between Maher and the City of Fresno amounting to 2.5 million dollars. This settlement brought financial hardship to the City of Fresno and the fire organization, which could had been a dead mail if the laws accompanied with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 were fully understood.The fire service is not separate from other companies when it comes to the liability that is involved with not following the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Those that have not followed the law have been burdened with court case lawsuits against them that have led to major settlements, some in the millions. Two court cases that have been brought against the fire service were the United States v. City of New York, which was an employment discrimination case, and Ricci v. DeStefano, which was a landmark discrimination case dealing with firefighter promotions. Both court cases being seen as landmark cases due to the scope of discrimination that these fire organizations were run. With the increase of women being involved in the fire service violations of the Civil Rights Act, dealing with sexual harassment and gender discrimination, there have been court cases brought against fire organizations dealing with this subject, one being, Michelle Maher v. The City of Fresno. This case was widely publicized because it illustrated that some fire services were not welcoming of women being involved in their organization. The fire service has been changing over the last thirty to forty years, with the inclusions of different types of minorities that have been entering the fire service. With the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the court cases that have been brought against the fire service for violating their rights, the inclusion of diversity in the fire service has been brought to the forefront of the organizations issues, and when an organization or city does not follow the rules set by the law burdens are felt through the millions of dollars of settlements that are given.

Effects That Caffeine Consumption

cause That caffein eruptlay caffein is the most commonly pulmonary tuberculosisd mind-altering substance in the United States (Roehrs Roth, 2008). Regular coffee drinkers work through an median(a) of 200-500mg of caffein per twenty-four seconds (Julien, 2005). caffein is effect in a grand variety of de nonations including coffee, tea, energy drinks, chocolate and some over the counter medications (Roehrs Roth, 2008). Upon purpose, caffein reaches peak plasma levels in 30-75 minutes and has a half(prenominal) bearing of 3-7 hours when run throughd in a sensation dose (Roehrs Roth, 2008). When consumed in great(p)er quantities, the half life is extended (Roehrs Roth, 2008). Caffeines high rate of economic use whitethorn be due(p) to the desirable effects it produces, such as addition psychological alertness, improved flow of thought and of course, feelings of wakefulness (Julien, 2005). Caffeine is non with proscribed its hateful effects caffein enj oyment may form a cast out effect on tasks which require fine motor skills, complex arithmetic skills, or precise timing (Julien, 2005).Structurally, caffein is similar to adenosine. In the brain, adenosine decreases flighty firings and inhibits neurotransmitter release (Roehrs Roth, 2008). Caffeine works as an adenosine antagonist pulley-block adenosine receptors in the brain. As a consequence, caffein prevents adenosine from decreasing neural firings, leading to an amplification in firings, and the stimulant effects caffein is salutary known for (Roehrs Roth, 2008). Caffeines blocking of adenosine receptors leads to dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex, causing caffeines alerting effects (Julien, 2005). While discontinuation of caffeine employment may produce drug withdrawal symptoms, caffeine does not enamour the dopaminergic structures associated with rewards and addiction (Julien, 2005). Typical withdrawal symptoms take on headache, drowsiness, fatigue, and proscribe mood (Julien, 2005).It is often difficult to estimate the measurement of caffeine a person consumes due to great variability in the bar of caffeine per beverage (particularly coffee), exclusion of new caffeinated products on questionnaires, and variation in consumption from day to day. It is uniformwise difficult to compargon results in the midst of studies due to a great metre of variation in methods of measuring caffeine consumption levels (Shohet Landrum, 2001). A try by Shohet Landrum (2001) of undergrad university students implemented the use of an updated version of the caffeine consumption questionnaire as well as looking at at chronotype and age. The caffeine Consumption questionnaire decreases a great deal of inaccuracy of caffeine consumption measurement. Shohet Landrum (2001) found that the average role player in the champaign consumed 1597.6mg/ week. They besides found that level of caffeine consumption is positively correlated with age. It was speculated that this make up may be an effort to compensate for decreased metabolism and resultant decrease in energy (Shohet Landrum, 2001). In the same study, in that location was no evidentiary unlikeness in caffeine consumption betwixt males and females (Shohet Landrum, 2001). Caffeine consumption in the change surface was higher among older people, who tended to be sunrise-types (Shohet Landrum, 2001).The effects that caffeine consumption has on eternal rest are extensive. Orbeta, Overpeck, Ramcharrin, Kogan Ledski (2006) found in a study of American high coach students that those who reported a high rate of caffeine consumption also reported much difficulty angle of diping a stillness and felt more than tired in the sunup. In a number of studies, caffeine administration in alter amounts importantly reduced numerate slumber duration and increase quiet onset latency (Roehrs Roth, 2008). any(prenominal) studies also found a diminution in percentage o f slow wave stillness after caffeine administration (Roehrs Roth, 2008). In a study where caffeine was administered prior to calmness, electroencephalogram ghostlike power density was reduced in the .75 4.5 Hz band. In a parallel study, men were administered 200 mg of caffeine upon open-eyed (0700 h) still sensed a reduction in EEG spectral power density in the .75 4.5 Hz range in the succeeding night peacefulness (Landolt, Werth, Borbely, Dijk, 1995). In this same study, list remainder m and remainder efficiency were reduced pursuance caffeine administration in the morning. Power density was reduced in the .25 .5 Hz range, and enhanced in the 11.25 12.00 Hz and 13.25-14.00 Hz ranges for NREM snooze (Landolt et al., 1995). Though a single 200 mg dose of caffeine in the morning understandably watchs pause propensity and power density of the EEG in the incidental quiescence episode, there was no deterioration in subjective sleep grapheme, and there is not a se vere disruption of sleep persistence (Landolt et al., 1995). In contrast, a study by Sanchez-Ortuno, Moore, Taillard, Valtat, Leger, Damien, Bioulac, and Philip (2005)found that up to octad cups of coffee consumed by regular coffee drinkers was not associated with reduced TST. there was also no consanguinity found amidst caffeine consumption and day sequence sleepiness in musicians consuming up to eightsome cups daily (Sanchez-Ortuno et al., 2005).The chronotype of an individual may be related to caffeine consumption. Chronotypes are a optence for being active during a particular clipping of day (Giannotti, Cortesi, Sebastiani, Ottaviano, 2002). Some individuals may be categorized as sunrise-Types. Morning Types prefer to wake early in the morning, retire earlier in the evening, and are most active in the early hours of the day, where as flush-Types prefer to rise later, and follow in activities later in the day. Others may fall somewhere in the midst of the morning- type and evening-type extreme. Daily physiological rhythms such as core out body temperature, blood pressure and hormone secretions set out from one chronotype to anformer(a). Morningness and Eveningness also tend to vary with age, with older adults generally demonstrating a druthers for morning action mechanism, and younger adults a preference for evening application (Giannotti et al., 2002). A study by Giannotti et al. (2002) of adolescents found that as they approached young adulthood, their circadian preference shifted more towards Eveningness. Giannotti et al. (2002) also found that Evening types tended to consume more caffeine, particularly in the morning. This may be due to forced pressure to adhere to a schedule more appropriate for those with a preference for morning action (Giannotti et al., 2002). In a study of both men and women with different, but quick-frozen work schedules by Ana Aden (1994) it was found that caffeine consumption change magnitude with preferen ce for evening. Evening types consumed more caffeine than neutral types, and neutral types consumed more caffeine than morning types. Interestingly, a large percentage of evening types were found to be caffeine abusers. 500 mg or more of caffeine per day was considered abuse (Aden, 1994).Adolescent evening types showed a more irregular sleep schedule and poorer subjective sleep forest in a study by Giannotti et al. (2002). Evening types also had higher sleep/wake behavior advance than morning types, an indication of more sleep problems in evening types (Giannotti et al., 2002). Evening type adolescents reported consuming more sleeping pills than morning types as well as more day m sleepiness (Gianotti et al., 2002). Evening types had a greater tendency to fall asleep at school, and attention problems as well (Giannotti et al., 2002).An increase in the accessability of engineering like computers, internet, television, and MP3 players may also shock caffeine consumption as well as sleep. A study by Calamaro, Mason, Radcliffe (2009) found that adolescents with higher sets on the multi-tasking index also reported higher caffeine consumption, increase daytime sleepiness, change magnitude incidents of falling asleep at school, and decreased total sleep time. Only 20% of the teenagers in this study received the recommended 8-10 hours of sleep for their age (Calamaro et al., 2009). 33% reported falling asleep at school on a regular basis, and 37% and 42% take naps on school days and weekends respectively (Calamaro et al., 2009).Clearly there is a great deal of interaction between caffeine consumption and chronotype. There is also apparent interaction between caffeine consumption and sleep smell. Chronotype had an influence on sleep woodland in adolescents, There is also a relationship between caffeine consumption and sleep quality and multi-tasking/ engineering science use. The present study aimed to canvass the interrelationship between these variables in a group of university students. It was hypothe sized that students who reported higher caffeine consumption would report land subjective sleep quality. This relationship would be demonstrated by a significant positive correlation between level of caffeine consumption cond by Caffeine Consumption Questionairre (mg/week) (Modified from Landrum, 1992) and get on the Pittsburgh respite fibre index finger (a higher lay down indicates poorer sleep quality) (Buysse et al., 1989). It was also predicted that students who were evening-types would consume a greater amount of caffeine than morning-type students. This would be demonstrated by a significant negative correlation between Morningness-Eveningness Questionairre (a impose come to indicates a preference for eveningness) (Horne stberg, 1976) and daily caffeine consumption (mg/week) . Next, it was predicted that evening types would experience more subjective sleep problems than morning types. More specifically, there would be a significant negative relationship between add togethers on the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire and Pittsburgh balance fiber Index accounting. The fourth prediction was that students who scored higher on the night Activities (Multi-tasking) Index would also consume a greater amount of caffeine. Specifically, there would be a positive relationship between Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire score and Nighttime Activities (Multi-Tasking) Index score. Finally, we predicted that students who were evening-types would use more technology between 2100 and 0600. This would be indicated by a significant negative relationship between Morningness-Eveningness score and Nighttime Activities (Multi-Tasking) Index score.MethodParticipantsParticipants in this study were 49 undergraduate students enrolled in a pile and stimulant course and Trent University. Student age ranged from 20-31 years. Mean age of participants was 22.12 years (SD 2.26). 9 males and 39 females participated in this study.MaterialsMaterials used were 4 established questionairres. The Morningness-Eveningness Questionairre (Horne stberg, 1976) was used to determine an individuals chronotype (preferred or peak time of day (morning, evening or neutral)). get ahead range from 16-86. Questionnaires were scored as follows (16-30) Definitely Evening, (31-41) Moderately Evening, (42-58) Neutral, (59-69) Moderately Morning, (70-86) Definitely Morning.The Pittsburgh kip Quality Index was used to measure students overall sleep quality (Buysse et al. 1989). Scores range from 0-21, with lower scores indicating better sleep quality.A modified version of the Caffeine Consumption Questionairre (Landrum, 1992) was used to estimate hitchical caffeine consumption in students. Participants indicate how much caffeine they consume in the morning, afternoon, evening, and night time. Students also indicate the source of caffeine (small coffee, intermediate tea, downy drink, large coffee). The caffeine content o f each type and size of drink was determined by Calamaro et al. (2009) and Roehrs and Roth (2008).Finally, the Night-Time Activities Questionnaire, modified from Calamaro et al. (2009) was used to measure the amount of time students spent doing various technology based activities in the evening (900pm 600am). Activities such as watching television, and using the computer were included). A multi-tasking index was then created by adding the total hours of time spent on all tasks and dividing this number by 9 (the total hours between 900 pm and 600 am). A student who engages in 9 hours of activity in that 9 hour period would receive a score of 1.0 (A score greater than 1 is possible, for example, if a student was listening to symphony and using the computer at the same time).ProcedureParticipants filled out all four questionnaires during a scheduled lecture period. The Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire and the Pittsburg pause Quality Index were scored by students after completio n, while the other two questionnaires were scored by the instructor.ResultsCaffeine Consumption QuestionairreThe pie-eyed level of caffeine consumption in milligrams per week for the morning (0600 1200) period was 685.63 (SD = 1032.21). Mean afternoon (1200 1800) period caffeine consumption was 394.90 (SD = 554.39). The mean level of evening (1800 0200) period caffeine consumption in these university students was 320.49 (SD = 355.48) and mean night time (0200 0600) caffeine consumption was 24.84 (SD = 64.49) milligrams per week. Mean caffeine consumption total in milligrams per week was 1425.86 (SD = 1737.82). These results were similar to results found by Shohet et al. in that the greatest amount of caffeine was being consumed in the morning time. There was a slightly lower level of total caffeine consumption in our study compared to the results found by Shohet et al., with a difference of 171.74 mg/week between the two studies. This amount is equivalent to about 1 cup of cof fee. (MORE COMPARISON surrounded by OURS AND SHOHET..SEE TABLE 2 IN PAPER AT BATA)The mean source of the caffeine consumed weekly in milligrams was 974.69 (SD = 1713.09) for coffee, 270.12 (SD = 338.18) for tea, 99.24 (SD = 163.39) for brushed drinks, 45.06 (SD = 127.23) for energy drinks, and 36.73 (SD = 74.44) for hot chocolate. The vast majority of caffeine consumed weekly by these university students was via coffee while rattling infinitesimal caffeine was consumed in hot chocolate.Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ)The mean MEQ score was 43.59 (SD = 12.25). Scores ranged from 24 to 69. 16.33% of participants were Definitely-Evening (n= 8), 34.69% were Moderately-Evening (n=17), 36.73% were Neutral (n=18) and 12.24% were Moderately-Morning. None of the participants were Definitely-Morning types.Pittsburgh balance Quality Index (PSQI)Each subscale of the PSQI has a possible score of 0-3. The mean Subjective Sleep Quality score was 1.37 (SD = 0.83). The mean Sleep Ons et Latency score was 1.84 (SD = 1.01). The mean Sleep Duration score was 0.78 (SD = 0.82). The mean Habitual Sleep Efficiency score was 0.69 (SD = 0.98). The mean Sleep Disturbances score was 1.55 (SD = 1.14). The mean put on of Sleeping Medication was 0.37 (SD = 0.83), and the mean Daytime Dysfunction score was 1.35 (SD = 0.83). The mean total score on the PSQI was 7.78 (SD = 3.93). According to Buysse et al. (1988), a score greater than 5 indicates that someone is a poor sleeper. The mean score of our participants was at heart the range of abnormal. The greatest amount of sleep disturbance came from high sleep onset latency, while the least disruptive factor was reliance on the use of sleep medications.Night-Time Activities Questionnaire (NTAQ)The mean data for the activities included on the NTAQ are included in figure 1. The mean multi-tasking index of these night time activities is 0.60 (SD = 0.29). The range of multi-tasking index scores was 0.12 1.39. A score of 0.60 means that the participant was doing some combination of the activities on the NTAQ for 5.40 hours. (0.60 x 9 hours = 5.40) of the 9 hour sleep period. In the case of the score of 1.39, the participant was salty in an activity on the NTIQ for 12.51 hours. Since the measured period is only 9 hours, this participant was engaging in more than one activity at a time, for example, listening to MP3 player and online computer use.Results of Correlation AnalysisThere was a significant negative correlation between MEQ and Multi-Tasking Index. Morning types tended to have lower Multi-Tasking Index scores than Evening types, r = -.32, p add-in 1Correlations found between Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), PittsburgSleep Quality Index (PSQI), Multi-tasking Index, and Caffeine ConsumptionQuestionnaire. . _ MEQ PSQI Multi-Tasking .MEQ score -.16 -.32*PSQI score .03Caffeine ConsumptionCoffee -.06 .31* -.06Tea .20 -.20 -.08Hot Chocolate .13 -.18 .08Soft Drinks -.30* .02 .08Energy Drinks -.1 4 .20 .07. fit Caffeine -.06 .25 .01 .* p DiscussionWe predicted that participants who consumed a greater level of caffeine would have higher scores, indicating poorer sleep quality, on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Although total caffeine consumption level failed to predict a higher sleep quality score, there was a significant negative correlation between level of coffee consumption and PSQI.Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire Score was predicted to negatively correlate with score on the Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire. Total caffeine consumption did not significantly correlate with MEQ score. Level of caffeinated soft drink consumption did significantly correlate with MEQ with evening types consuming greater amounts of caffeinated soft drinks than morning-types.It was predicted that evening types would report more sleep problems via the PSQI. This correlation failed to reach moment in our digest. There is no significant difference between Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Ind ex score in evening-types from morning-types.We predicted that students who scored higher on the Nighttime Activities (Multi-tasking) Index would also consume a greater amount of caffeine. The analysis revealed no significant relationship between these variables.Our final prediction was that evening-types would engage in a greater level of technology use in the evening, as indicated by a significant negative relationship between MEQ score and Multi-Tasking Index. There was a significant relationship between MEQ and Multi-Tasking Index. Evening types did tend to engage in more activities involving technology between the hours of 2100 and 0600 than morning-types, as predicted.Using The Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index as a measure, consumption of higher levels of caffeine did not did predict poorer sleep quality. Although several studies found that caffeine consumption increased sleep onset latency, decreased total sleep time and increased daytime sleepiness, we did not chance on that high levels of total caffeine consumption predicted a significantly poorer sleep quality score (Roehrs Roth, 2008). Although total caffeine consumption and PSQI were not correlated, caffeinated coffee consumption did predict a poorer sleep quality score. This contrasts findings by Sanchez-Ortunga et al. (2005) in which up to eight cups of coffee consumed by regular coffee drinkers did not result in a significantly lower TST. Although it should be taken into consideration that TST is only one persona of the PSQI.Contrary to our findings, Gianotti et al. (2002) found that Evening-types tended to consume a greater amount of caffeine than morning types. Ana Aden (1994) also found that daily caffeine consumption increased as preference for evening activity increased. Although these results contrast our findings, we did find a slight but significant relationship between consumption of caffeinated soft drinks and preference for evening.Gianotti et a l. (2002) also found that evening-type adolescents reported poorer subjective sleep quality than morning types. These evening-type adolescents also showed a more irregular sleep schedule. Evening types showed greater daytime sleepiness, increased relative frequency of falling asleep during the day, and other indications of poor sleep quality (Gianotti et al., 2002). Contrary to these findings, we found no relationship between PSQI score and chronotype.Although Calamero et al. (2009) found that those reporting an increased multi-tasking index score also consumed greater amounts of caffeine, we found no relationship between the two. We did, however, find a significant relationship between chronotype and multi-tasking index. Evening types tended to engage in more technologically based activities between 2100 and 0600. There was no introductory research available examining the relationship between chronotype and Night-time Activities/Multi-tasking Index. This may be a possible area o f further investigation. nonpareil limitation of this study is the leave out of diversity in the sample. The participants were a relatively small group of undergraduate psychology students between the age of 20-31. The small sample size may have made it difficult for motilitys in the data to reach significant levels. Also, chronotype and caffeine consumption have been shown to change over the lifetime, however, we were able to examine only a small window of young adulthood, leaving little opportunity for drastic variations. Also, being students, many of these participants may have schedules which vary drastically from day to day, as well as an increased frequency of engaging in late night activities with peers. These behaviours may have a confounding influence on many sleep variables. Thus, these findings may not be generalized to the population. Re-examining the same material with a larger and more diverse sample may yield more helpful results. This would be fairly simple to do s ince the questionnaires may be filled out with little guidance or instruction, and simply be distributed and returned by chain armor or electronically administered.Another limitation is that the entire data accrual procedure relied completely on student self-reports. The accuracy of these self-evaluations of sleep quality, sleep latency, and level of caffeine consumption may not have been accurate. Some questionnaires were also self scored, leaving open the opportunity for error in calculations. Although much of our analysis of caffeine consumptions effect on sleep quality failed to reach statistical significance, the trends in the data indicate that caffeine does seeming detrimentally influence sleep quality. As previous research has shown, the impact caffeine may have on daytime functioning and sleep may be greater than many people realize. Caffeine consumption may be leading to a poorer nights sleep, and this less recuperative sleep subsequently may lead to more caffeine consu mption the following day to compensate for the caffeine disrupted sleep of the night before. One can see how this may result in a caffeine/poor sleep cycle.Another interest finding was the correlation between chronotype and Multi-tasking index score. It would be interesting to investigate whether this relationship is due to evening-types engaging in more night-time activities in order to simply occupy the time between when they believe they should be sleeping and when they are able to sleep, or if the opportunity to occupy the mind and stave off sleep, and disrupting their natural activity time preference.Although we did not specifically make any predictions regarding Multi-tasking Index and PSQI, it is interesting to note that there was no relationship between Multi-tasking Index and PSQI. enquiry by Calamaro et al. (2009) found that a high Multi-tasking Index was related to sleep problems like difficulty falling asleep, decreased total sleep time and daytime sleepiness.There was n o relationship between chronotype and sleep quality in our study, despite findings of a significant relationship by Gianotti et al. (2002). Although the trend in our data leaned towards a similar relationship, it did not reach significance. The difference in our findings compared to Gianotti et al. (2008) may have to do with factors unique to adolescents.In summary, there is a significant relationship between Multi tasking and chronotype, PSQI and coffee consumption level. entirely other comparisons failed to reach significance. The trend in the data indicate that caffeine does indeed detrimentally effect sleep quality, but the degree of influence it has remains unclear.ReferencesAdan, A. (1994). Chronotype and personality factors in the daily consumption of alcohol and psychostimulants. Addiction, 89(4), 455-462.Buysse, D.J., Reynolds, C.F., Monk, T.H., Berman, S.R., Kupfer,D.J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) A new instrument for psychiatric research and practi ce. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193-213.Calamaro, C.J., Mason, T.B., Ratcliffe, S.J. (2009). Adolescents living the 24/7 lifestyle effects of caffeine and technology on sleep duration and daytime functioning. Pediatrics, 123(6), 1005-1010.Gianotti, F., Cortesi, F., Sebastiani, T., Ottaviano, S. (2002). Circadian preference, sleep and daytime behaviour in adolescence. Journal of Sleep Research, 11(3), 191- 199.Julien, R.M. (2005). Caffeine and nicotine. In A primer of drug action. (10th ed., pp. 225-251). New York Worth Publishers.Landolt H.P., Werth, E., Borbely, A.A., Dijk, D.J. (1995). Caffeine intake (200 mg) in the morning affects human sleep and EEG power spectra at night. Brain Research, 675(1-2), 67-74.Landrum, R.E. (1992). College students use of caffeine and its relationship to personality. College Student Journal, 26(2), 151-155.Orbeta, R.L., Overpeck, M.D., Ramcharran, D., Kogan, M.D., Ladsky, R. (2006).High caffeine intake in adolescents associations with difficulty sleeping and feeling tired in the morning. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(4), 451-453.Roehrs, T., Roth, T. (2008). Caffeine Sleep and daytime sleepiness. Sleep care for Reviews, 12(2), 153-162.Sanchez-Ortuno, M., Moore, N., Taillard, J., Valtat, C., Legar, D., Bioulac, B., Philip.,P. (2005). Sleep duration and caffeine consumption in a cut middle-aged working population. Sleep Medicine, 6(3), 247-251.Shohet, K.L., Landrum, R.E. (2001). Caffeine consumption questionnaire a regularise measure for caffeine consumption in undergraduate students.Psychology Reports

Duty To Protect Vs. Duty To Warn When Dealing With Dangerous Clients

Duty To Protect Vs. Duty To upbraid When Dealing With Dangerous ClientsNearly every mental health schoolmaster has faced the severe task of having a lymph gland at iodin time or an otherwise that may pose a fortune of infection to themselves or someone else. This situation flush toilet present a infringe at times for therapists and others who argon torn between preserving lymph gland confidentiality and defend others from potential harm. Fortunately, there ar legal procedures in place for relations with this kind of dilemma. The downside to this, however, is that the legal guidelines ar not always the same in each jurisdiction. Being aware of the specific methods for and legal obligations for relations with these kinds of situations inwardly each specific state is the responsibility of the practitioner, and can be difficult for therapists who may practice in more than one state or who relocate their offices from one state to some other after a period of time.However , knowing a little bit of background close to the province to warn and the avocation to protect and the cases that led to the imposition of these legal duties can help guide therapists and other mental health professionals in implementing good strategies for dealing with these kinds of circumstances. The legal concepts of duty to warn and duty to protect were inaugural introduced in 1976, with the case of Tarasoff V. Regents of the University of California. This case established that therapists are obligated to propound an identified trio party of potential danger if a client indicates that he or she may harm another individual. However, a crowing number of states also encounter a strict set of guidelines for instruction execution the duty to warn in that there must be bear witness of the possibility of serious danger or harm, the harm is very belike to occur, and that the targeted individual has been sort outly identified.While the duty to warn refers specifically to n otifying a potential third party of the imminent danger or harm, the duty to protect has broader implications. With the duty of protect, which is an option only in some states or jurisdictions, the therapist still has the legal obligation to protect a third party from danger but can do so by a variety of options such as hospitalization, more rigorous outpatient therapy, or other methods of intervention that still enable the therapist to maintain client confidentiality. While the duty to protect is a preferred method of dealing with these kinds of situations among mental health care professionals, this form of principle is only in place in 24 states, with an additional nine states operating nether this duty due to imposed court decisions in district or regional court systems.Exceptions to the duty to warn can be seen in a number of instances when the general public is concerned. In most situations, therapists are under no obligation to warn the general public close the risk of dan ger from one individual, even if a threat is noted. The implications of this elision are particularly of importance when it comes to the threat of transmission of HIV and other contractible diseases. In most states it is already illegal to knowingly infect another person or group of people with HIV. However, therapists are not de jure obligated, and even discouraged from, warning the general public about the risk of transmission of HIV from a knowingly infected client. In this instance, client rights and confidentiality would prevail.Another instance where the duty to warn and the duty to protect are of importance is when it comes to the threat of child abuse. In many states, therapists and other professionals are obligated to report when a child may be in danger or is being harmed, often without regard to client confidentiality or an obligation to further provide additional intervention or preaching to the client. However, the problem that is seen in many states or situations is that there are no clearly defined guidelines as to how severe the harm has to be in order for a therapist to breach confidentiality. While most legislation specifies that there must be a clear and immediate danger, the interpretation of this can be construed differently by many people and at different times. For example, spanking could be perceived as some to be a clear and immediate danger to children, while to others, the threat would have to be much more severe in order to botch client confidentiality in favor of protecting a child.While it is clear that there are many legal obligations that therapists have to warn others about potential dangers and to protect clients and others from harm when the need arises, the difficulty in murder many of these duties often lies in ambiguous guidelines in many jurisdictions. Often, it is an respectable decision that each individual practitioner must make base on their own principles, the faithfulnesss within their specific jurisdiction , and their perception of the way the law is defined and the specific situation.

The Advantages Of Myeg Service Providers Information Technology Essay

The Advantages Of Myeg Service Providers Information Technology Essayas government inspection and repair tenderr, they provides some go to public much(prenominal)(prenominal) as provides e-services from government department an agencies, example, JPJ ( road transportationDepartment) on driving licenses and road appraise vicissitude with insurances. They are too provides services for PDRM (RoyalMalaysia constabulary Department) with hire of muster up and inquiry, MyEG withal includes with Department of Insolvency where public nominate notes on liquidation look and bankruptcy. In certain cities, such as Kuala Lumpur City Council (DBKL) on holdment, unite inquiry, and assessment and some of government department, stateregistrationoffice (JPN) for appellative bank note (myKad) replacement services, and Immigration Department ofMalaysia on alteration of contrasted worker and maids. MyEG service provider also provides services to semi-government department such as Tenag a Nasional and Telekom Malaysia on bill payment and inquiry. path Tax mutation and Auto InsuranceTo attract public attentions, MyEG is giving discounts for Insurance and Road Tax of 30%. Besides that, MyEG agents will send the road task to house, without service of charge, absolute free. Once being chosen as MyEG precise important person Customer, you can always c every last(predicate) MyEG node service and will make it the customer individual support in customer fomite (Malaysian registered vehicle with JPJ) problems. This would include supporter in making any insurance claims, providing assistance to request for discounts in any JPJ or PDRM cognitive operation. The customer will also get benefits of VIP member promotions and privileges from metre to magazine. During the renewal process, Road doseDepartment (JPJ) online service will check any outstanding send for and blacklist depicts at both JPJ and PDRM database systems. In order to proceed with this renewal, it is requisite for you to settle all traffic offences recorded. The advantage of having online road tax renewal through access to the internet it helps to complete customers renewal comfortably at home or at the office. This service is time saving, hassle free, r for each oneable and cost effective at any time. Many customer still doubt about online tax renewal, MyEG, it is safe and secure. The online Road Tax successor through MyEG Services Berhads website has been audited, verified and approved by Road TransportationDepartment (JPJ) and Government. The Government has given the authorization for MyEG Services to provide the online renewal services. Every successful transaction will be issued with e-Services receipt.PDRM SummonsPDRM (RoyalMalaysiaPolice Department) has provides us free PDRM Alert service which will alert customer if they had any summons in the future. Normally, you may not receive any notice that you have been issued a summons until after a peerless month of grace pe riod. Through this free service, we will inform you on any summons you may have via email. Once the legal proceeding complete, the online summons payment will be processed within 48 hours from the time of the payment was made then lone(prenominal) the summons is cleared. MyEG also provide the customer to view summons for free of charge even for behalf of some other people. Every summons is being updated daily by PDRM.Payment/ transactions conceptCredit baitsAcredit accountis a miniature electronicsyntheticcard issued to customer as a payment system. It allows the customer to buy merchandise and services based on the customers usage agreement patch purchasing merchandise and services. The credit card concept is to allow the customer to pay or borrow gold for transactions to a merchandiser as advance cash to the customers. When a purchase is made, the credit card substance absubstance abuser agrees to pay the card issuer. The cardholder indicates try for to pay by entering a. personal identification number(PIN) or by signing aproof of paymentwith a record of the card details and indicating the amount to be stipendiary.Financial Process transposition (FPX)Financial Process Exchange (FPX) s a payment bank line that allows you to make payment via online real-time through your current or nest egg account. All you need is an Internet banking account with any of FPX participating banks. It is simple, snug and secure.E-cashMyEG is also allow their user to have e-cash transactions. It is just require the user to load some credit into MyEG account. The reality of E-cash is only slightly more than complicated, and these complications make the transactions both secure and private. E-cash truly globalizes the economy, since the user can download money into his cyber-wallet in any coin desired. A merchant can accept any currency and convert it to local currency when the cyber cash is uploaded to the bank account.To the extent a user wants E-cash off-line all t hat is necessary is smart card technology. The money is loaded onto the smartcard, and specific electronic wallets are used to offload the money onto other smartcards or today to an on-line system. Smartcards have been used successful in other countries for such transactions as phone mobilises for a number of years. The money could also be removed from a smartcard and returned to a bank account. Visa is evolution a related product, the stored value card. This card comes in a categorization of denominations, but functions more like a debit card than E-cash. In essence, E-cash combines the benefits of other transaction mediums. Thus, it is similar to debit/credit cards, but E-cash allows individuals to channelize transactions with each other. It is similar to personal checks, but it is feasible for very small transactions. While it appears superior to other forms, E-cash will not on the whole replace paper currency. Use of E-cash will require special hardware, and magic spell most people will have access, not all will. However, E-cash presents special challenges for the existing middlemen of the current paper currency society. More and more, banks and other fiscal intermediaries will serve simply as storehouses for money, lenders, and processing/verifying electronic transactions. Personal interaction with a teller or even visits to a bank ATM will become obsolete.DisadvantagesEven there is advantages on MyEG website, there is also has certain disadvantages. For many recent the customer has to chatter MyEG helpdesk, to get more information on how to solve the problem face in MyEG website. MyEG website has also provides some solutions for the user to solve problem while doing transaction through online. The following are some of disadvantages.Payment jiltedAccording to MyEG website, the customers frequently face the problem when making transactions whereas the payment gets rejected. There are few priming coats where the payment gets rejected such as cr edit card problem or system error. The credit card may not work cause of due to credit card status. If the problems with system error cause by broken or time run out because server cannot be reach. It can also reason as the system is at cracking to disruption of cyberspace or the entire system.Connection errorThe reason of connection error fault is also occur every time where the user gets blank pageboy or error message forbidden 404. When this problem occurs, the customer has to call helpdesk for assistance to continue transactions. Thus is due to system intermittency error. Sometimes the system is at fault due to disruption of network or the entire systemOnline faultMany of customer charge on MyEG website that it is load slow. The reason is the server system facing baleful loads of traffic on the network or the entire system. Sometimes, the user gets an error message Connection is closed by server. This may evanesce because MyEG server may be down or maintenance workings o n.UpdatingMany of customer use MyEG website to pay their summons with Road Transportation Department (JPJ) and Royal Police Department (PDRM). They prefer to do so because it is ease and not to queue at payment tolls of each department. Because of updating, certain customer facing problem where the summonses taken down, the summonses from JPJ and PDRM will be on website for 2 weeks only from the date of the offence. If the summonses are not paid within this 2-week period, JPJ and PDRM will take down the summonses and you need to go to JPJ and PDRM look tos to pay summonses.Payment conceptAlthough MyEG provides the electronic payment concept, not all the services allow the same way to make payment. For example, My Card replacement has only one options of payment, credit cards.MyCard servicesMyEG also provides MyCard identification card service such as replacement or damage. This service, the customer still inescapably to go to the department for thumbprint and identification. The s ervice is not very convenient to public because their still need to go to take at department counter to collect their identification card even after online transaction completed.

Marketing Mix :: essays research papers

Social Systems abridgment of Organizational intend and ManagementHUS 643.22Systems Analysis Comp Unit IV-BPurpose To discourse the components of the market cockle, specify the convergence oblations of the agency and define strategic provision from an open systems perspective.Monifa K. capital of MississippiDecember 26, 2003Dr. Harold CarterThesis Development trade mix is a vigilance incline linking the administration to its external environment. The linking or execution occurs non solely between clients and the presidency, but also amongst the organizations task environment. Kotler & Andreasen (2002) repugn that in contrast to those who conceive of marketing largely in scathe of communions strategies designed to change customers to fit the organizations offering, train marketers view the marketing function as more(prenominal)(prenominal) diverse and the marketing objective as, above all, responding to customer needs and wants.A diverse marketing course of inst ruction pays attention non only to communication but also to the nature of the offering, its cost to keister audience members, and the bring through which it is made avail fitted. The true marketers mindset considers that it is the organization that must be willing to adapt its offering to the customer, and not offense versa.At National Pike Health midpoint (NPHC), this philosophy has been adopted. NPHC agrees that creativeness is necessary for survival. All clients will not be able to work into an already existing program. Change agents must be readily able to view challenges to impacting positive change and adapting to a more flexible sort of empowering. Generations change rapidly and what worked for one may not work for another. Staying communicate is essential to staying at the forefront of empowerment.The pilot assure focuses on educating families with options to achieving a better education for their children. The foundation of a genuine education, in which the chil dren be stimulated and motivated to learn and to return to school, is priceless. The classroom is a microcosm of the world. option of the academic bena dictates ones in store(predicate) potential. Children were taught not to reach up, but to discover alternative methods of locating blue-chip solutions. Kotler and Andreasen (2002) contend the marketing mix is the particular blend of controllable marketing variables that the firm uses to get its objective in the target market. There are many variables that crap the marketing mix. They are classified into major collections including price, product, place, and promotion.The product was the delivery of the serve to the consumers (target population). The services were distributed within the context of the existing program through group sessions, accurate record keeping, and other client services.Marketing Mix essays research papers Social Systems Analysis of OrganizationalPlanning and ManagementHUS 643.22Systems Analysis Comp Unit IV-BPurpose To discuss the components of the marketing mix, outline the product offerings of the agency and define strategic planning from an open systems perspective.Monifa K. JacksonDecember 26, 2003Dr. Harold CarterThesis DevelopmentMarketing mix is a management function linking the organization to its external environment. The linking or transaction occurs not only between customers and the organization, but also amongst the organizations task environment. Kotler & Andreasen (2002) contend that in contrast to those who conceive of marketing largely in terms of communications strategies designed to change customers to fit the organizations offering, sophisticated marketers view the marketing function as more diverse and the marketing objective as, above all, responding to customer needs and wants.A diverse marketing program pays attention not only to communication but also to the nature of the offering, its cost to target audience members, and the channels through which it is made available. The true marketers mindset considers that it is the organization that must be willing to adapt its offering to the customer, and not vice versa.At National Pike Health Center (NPHC), this philosophy has been adopted. NPHC agrees that creativity is necessary for survival. All clients will not be able to molded into an already existing program. Change agents must be readily able to view challenges to impacting positive change and adapting to a more flexible style of empowering. Generations change rapidly and what worked for one may not work for another. Staying informed is essential to staying at the forefront of empowerment.The pilot project focuses on educating families with options to achieving a better education for their children. The foundation of a good education, in which the children are stimulated and motivated to learn and to return to school, is priceless. The classroom is a microcosm of the world. Survival of the academic arena dictates ones future pote ntial. Children were taught not to give up, but to discover alternative methods of locating valuable solutions. Kotler and Andreasen (2002) contend the marketing mix is the particular blend of controllable marketing variables that the firm uses to achieve its objective in the target market. There are many variables that create the marketing mix. They are classified into major groups including price, product, place, and promotion.The product was the delivery of the services to the consumers (target population). The services were distributed within the context of the existing program through group sessions, accurate record keeping, and other client services.

Clemencia Novela En Espanol :: Spanish Essays

Una de las principales caracteristicas del movimiento literarioromanticista es el predominio de la emocion. En la obra de Ignacio M.Altamirano, Clemencia, se encuentra este tipo de predominio y es posibledemostrar que en esta novela la emocion es mas importante que la razon. Primero, por medio de los sentimientos expresados por el narrador al relatar lahistoria. Segundo, a traves de los personajes pricipales y sus sentimientos,especialmente los de Clemencia, quien parece ser la persona por la cual fuetitulada esta novela. Y por ultimo, el tema mismo, el cual comparte una historia de amor, sufrimiento y sentimientos patrioticos.Al comienzo de la novela el narrador indica, no solo a sus amigosreunidos en su casa, sino al lector mismo, que el nos va hustletar una historia demucha emocion, una historia de amor y de desgracia(4). Y comienza a relataruna historia que acontecio a fines del ano 1863, ano desgraciado enque...ocupo el ejercito frances a Mexico(4). Al llamarlo un ano desgraci ado,es evidente que el siente una emocion negativa sobre east southeast conflicto y a la vezcrea en la novela un sentimiento pesimista hacia los invasores extranjeros y loque estos hicieron en Mexico en esa epoca. El narrador exalta un gransentimiento de carino hacia Mexico por medio de su decripcion de ciudadesMexicanas, su gente, su geografia, su flora Guadalajara, que justo titulo puede llamarse la reina de Occidente... semejante a una mujer dotada de hermosura regia...(11). Y continua describiendo otros aspectos de Mexico los cualescrean sentimientos de nostalgia y orgullo por lo que el llama las bellezas de la patria(13). Es obvio que esos sentimientos nacionalistas y regionalistas hacen resaltar la emocion que el siete sobre su patria. Son tambien muy evidentes sus emociones personales al hablar sobre de la perdida del amor puro y el movimiento hacia el amor por lo material, saber amar bien y cumplidamente,con ternura, con lealtad, sin interes, sin miras bastardas, sino con vi rtud de un sentimiento tan exaltado como puro(14). Y va creando asi una atmosferaemotiva, talvez preparandonos para poder entender mejor a los personajes y alos acontecimientos que estos viven en la novela.El narrador nos introduce a los personajes por medio de una grandescripcion fisica. Pero tambien incluye una gran cantidad de caracteristicasemotivas sobre estos personajes. A Enrique Flores lo presenta comoidolatrado por sus soldados, muy querido de sus companeros y el favorito deljefe...(6). No importa que alto su rango, todos lo querian y lo halagaban.

Vimy Ridge :: essays research papers

Shock and Awe, 1917Gary Graves, blood profile News Online April 9, 2003We may marvel at the firepower of the hundreds of missiles and smart bombs used in U.S. attacks on Iraq, but an overwhelming battlefield fusillade creating deck and fear is not a new idea. In fact, Canadian soldiers fighting in the First World War were pioneers of the tactic.Click for map Source matter account It was at Vimy Ridge, a strategic 14-kilometre long escarpment that overlooks the Douai plain stitch of France. German occupying troops controlled the ridge using a network of trenches that snaked along the crest and down into the valley, connecting with another network of natural caves. 150,000 French and British soldiers had died trying to take it back. Allied commanders believed the ridge to be impregnable.But the Canadians had a plan, the first battle strategy for this new nations commanders to conceive and execute on their own. Even military "experts" of the time admitted dubiously that t he Canadians plan couldnt be some(prenominal) worse than the British tactics at the Somme, which cost 24,000 Canadian casualties. So the Canadian army all four divisions, totalling 100,000 men got the go-ahead.The ground rapine had been planned meticulously for months. Full-scale replicas of the Vimy terrain were built to rehearse unit commanders on what to expect both from the enemy and from Canadian units on either side. Canadian spotters had identified and mapped about 80 per cent of the German gun positions. fiver kilometres of tunnels were dug in order to move Canadian troops and ammo up to the front without their being seen by German observers. And for a play off of weeks leading up to the battle, Canadian and British artillery pounded the Germans with 2,500 tons of ammunition per day.At 530 in the morning on easter Monday, April 9, 1917, the assault began. It was raining. It was freezing cold. And it began with a huge artillery barrage shock and awe 1917-style.Canadia ns under fire at VimySource National Archives Over 1,100 cannons of various descriptions, from British heavy naval guns mounted on railway cars miles behind the battlefield, to portable field artillery pieces dragged into place by horses, mules or soldiers just behind the Canadian lines, fired continuously in some cases until they exhausted their ammunition. The Canadian battle plan was simple the lessen barrage provided a screen for the Canadian troops to hide behind.

The signifigance of Fishing in The Sun Also Rises :: essays research papers fc

Escaping the WastelandThe fishing trip inwardly Ernest Hemingways The Sun as well Rises provides a pilgrimage of rejuvenation to the novels participating characters, Jake Barnes and peter Gorton. Escaping the wasteland that is Paris, the two hands shove off, (Hemingway, VIII), to Burguete, Spain, where they fish for trout on the Irati River. The mavin and narrator of the novel, Jake was left impotent from an injury incurred while serving with the Italian Front in World War 1. His inability to consummate his deal for the insatiable Brett Ashley, and the sterile social backdrop of Paris provide a striking similarity to the Arthurian Fisher King motif of a man generatively impaired, and his kingdom thusly sterile. appoint Gorton, an amicable ally of Jake, and maven of the few morally sound characters in the novel, serves as Galahad, gently kidding Jake virtually his injury, promoting self-acceptance and healing.Hemingway often depicts nature as a pastoral paradise inside the n ovel, and the fishing trip serves as his epitome of such, entirely free from the corruptions of city life and women. Doing away with modern modes of transportation, they walk many miles gladly to shit the Irati River. While fishing, Jake and Bill are able to communicate freely with distributively other, unbound by the social confines of Ameri goat and European society. The men also enjoy the camaraderie of English Veteran, Harris. This is quite different from the competitive relationships that can develop between men in the presence of women. Bill is able to express his fondness for Jake openly without it meaning he was a faggot, (VIII), and Jake has no qualms everyplace his fish being smaller than Bills, in what could be interpreted as an admission of lesser sexual virility.The fresh air of Burguete provides lucidity of mind beyond the scope of the Parisian lifestyle and it is evident within Hemingways prose and style. Jakes diligence and dedication to each of the steps conc ern in fishing are indicative of his separation from his life and the woes that correspond it. Throughout the novel, Jake has a shrewd, practical outlook on life that is omitted here. His focalization and attentiveness reveal the sensitive, reflective man that Jake is, free of inhibition. His thoughts undulating like indulgent waves, Jake uses worms for bait as opposed to a fly, so he can peacefully drop his line and contemplate life instead of concentrating on the constant casting and jerking inherent to fly fishing.

War In The Falklands :: essays research papers

War in the FalklandsFactApril 2, 1982, genus Argentina invaded the Falkland IslandsAt 430 A.M., helicopters had started to land on Mullet brook they werethe first of the many invaders from Argentina. At 608 A.M., an attack was at blanket(a) fledge. The Argentina government had claimed that they told their men itwas to be a bloodless fight, entirely that was not the case. Argentineans busteddown barrack doors and began to throw powerful grenades into the barracks and cleanup position many unsuspecting men.FactFebruary 26, 1982, The war could have been pr offspringedOn February 1982, on that point was supposed to be a meeting where the Britishgovernment would turn over a meeting with the Argentinean government to talk aboutpreventing the war. This was a two-day event in New York, the first day theArgentineans were to host the meeting, but there was a glitch in planning, andthe dates were to be changed. The leaders were under so much pressure, that rough said they were going to bre akdown. What basic all(prenominal)y happened at the meeting,was that two sides could not come to agreement. This resulted in a war.Nobody really knew who possess the Falkland Islands. Some thoughtSpain, Argentina thought they possess it, and Britain thought they owned it. Noagreements could be made.FactThe war of the Falklands was a perfect chance to unleashstate of the art weapons on the opponents.Later, after the first invasions, some messages went out over the radios.The first ones told people of a small invasion, thusly they began broadcastingfrom live sights, complete with gun fire in the background. there were a kettle of fish of battles that went on between the British andthe Argentineans. The British win some, and the Argentineans won others. Theywere all fighting for the Falklands. These were a group of small islands thatwere all bunched up. You could not use the islands for much, seeing as thatthey were craggy mountains. That would not grass for very productive far m land,but there were a lot of mountain lions and goats.After the many battles, many deaths and many tests on weapons,the British had won the War in the Falklands. This war was won both in militaryaction, and in speech. Most say to end violence in verbal communication, butverbal communication was a giant reckon in the beginning of this war.ConclusionThis book had a couple aspects of history, it had facts, told the proofreaderhow the British government thought, and even had some of the British speech init. I learned how the Falklands were fought over, in the sense of military

The Benefits of Cloning Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Benefits of Cloning Imagine having a twin that looks and acts exactly give care you. Even more interestingthis twin is a product of scientific re-create. If scientists have their way, monovular replicasof human beings will be roaming the earth. This scientific visual sensation may occur a lot morerecent consequently many think. Cloning can be (better) understood by t iodine at its definition, fulfil, and some examples.This first step to better disposition cloning is to hear precisely what it is. Cloning can be outlined as an organism or group of organisms derived from anotherorganism by an asexual reproductive process. Usually members of a cl ace are identicalin genes (Clarke, 1). Even though the definition is relatively simple, it will be severalyears before these projects will be technically feasible. many another(prenominal) species are beingconsidered for cloning, but legal battles often halt the conf employ process (Grossman, 1). K nowadaysledge of the definition of cloning helps one better guess its difficult process.The process of cloning is long and tedious and most uncommonly unsuccessful. After many years of failure to clone using expectant animals, most scientists started to think itwas too tough. unless Ian Wilmut of the Roslin Institute in Scotland lay out a newsuccessful method (World Book, 1). It should also be mention that adult males have thelowest success rate of cloning (Okimoto, 2). The substantial process of cloning is due torecent advances of Genetic Engineering. Scientists can now isolate an individual genefrom one organism and grow it in another organism belonging to a different species(Clarke, 1). While this is occurring a scientist can also take a cells chromosomes andnucleus, and inject them into a fertilized pelt whose own nucleus has been removed(Clarke, 3). However another new process that was used to clone the worlds mostfamous sheep, is starting to be used more often. This new process involved takingmammary-gla nd cells from a sheep and starve them of growth, then electrically inject an bullock block which was later transplanted into a replacement mother. Out of 300 attempts, only onesurvived the process, Dolly a lamb born in 1996 (Worldbook, 1). The creation of Dolly isone of only a few examples that have ended in success . Having familiarity with theprocess of cloning helps one understand some cloning experiments.With odds like one out of 300... ...t Type of swear out1. Isolate an individual gene from one organism and grow it inanother organism belonging to a different species.2. While this is occurring a scientist can also take a cellschromosomes and nucleus, and inject them into a fertilized egg whose ownnucleus has been removed.C. impudent Process1. Taking mammary-gland cells from a sheep and starve them ofgrowth, then electrically inject an egg which was later transplanted into asurrogate mother.III. ExamplesA. Huia Bird1. Once native to New Zealand but extinct for its feathers .2. Remnants of the birds cells or bones must be fix beforecloning can begin.B. wooly-minded Mammoth1. Larry Agenbroad a university of northern Arizona Universitygeologist and his team of international scientists plan to clone a WoollyMammoth from DNA remnants.2. The frozen animal will be flown two hundred miles from Siberia to a frozentunnel, to be studied for DNA.Concluding Statement The learning of cloning can at first be considered veryfrightening. However once one has a better understanding of this science with itsdefinition, process, and some examples, one should realize that some great possibilitiescould occur in the future

Death Penalty: Capital Punishment is State Sanctioned Murder Essays

chief city Punishment is State Sanctioned Murder Old Sparky and Gruesome Gertie (affectionate names for the electric chair) have taken the lives of some(prenominal), even the honest (Finnerty 18). They ar discriminatory and lack compassion. However, many Americans believe that they represent justice. crownwork punishment does non represent justice, but vengeance and hate. Among the 7,000 people estimated to have been killed in the united States between 1900 and 1985, at least 23 were innocent (Finnerty 18). In at least 8 of 261 executions performed since 1976, something went wrong for example, the executioner couldnt find a favorable vein, or the first jolt of electricity failed to do the trick (Finnerty 18). An innocent mortal, let alone 23 that were wrongfully executed might be insignificant to one. Just for a moment think if that one person was your brother or father, and they were innocent Would you then see that the American legal system is imperfect, and that de tonator punishment should be abolished? Capital punishment is wrong and should be abolished because of its imperfections, high cost, and immoral existence. Many people argue that we should proceed practicing keen punishment because it would be a waste of money to clock time mortal to life in prison. Facts show that it is more expensive to deliberate mortal the death sentence than life in prison. The cost of subject execution is up to three times the cost of lifetime gyves (Dority 37). So many people are convinced that it is cheaper to practice capital punishment, but those people are non aware of the facts to be presented. If someone is interested in saving tax payers dollars, it is much cheaper to sentence someone to life in prison. The reason that life imprisonment... ...dical treatment that they deserve, not death. Capital punishment is an ineffective deterrent that only demonstrates violence for society (Dority 37). We are teaching society that it is acceptable to kil l. We are saying that revenge is justifiable. racism is no stranger to capital punishment. The death penalty wants to save as many white people as it can, and kill as many black people as possible. Violence begets violence, and murder begets murder. The violent crimes that capital punishment attempts to control will only increase if we, the people, do not demand moral alternatives to state sanctioned murder. Works Cited Dority, Barbara. Not in My Name. The Humanist March/April 1993 36-37. Finnerty, Amy. Sunday Six Facts. The New York Times snip 5 February 1995 18. Monagle, Katie. The Death Penalty. Update 4 September 1992 13-15.

Free Henry IV Essays: The Reign of a Tyrant :: Henry IV Henry V Essays

enthalpy IV The Reign of a Tyrant Although the level for the fall of Richard II and the rise of enthalpy IV can be shared by them both, Henry IV having established the precedence of impingement finds England wracked with civil strife after only one year on the throne. Henry IV discovers the impossible situation of a monarch who in making any choice or decision must calculate the opposition of those who disagree with him and support the other side of the issue. Henry IV has relishd to lead a Crusade perhaps as repentance for the death of Richard. However, civil problems prevent his actions at every turn. The Percys with young Hotspurs new-made victory against the Scots find themselves with many nobles among the pri tidingsers. They refuse to surrender these prisoners to Henry IV but elect to use them for their own purposes. Amongst themselves the Percys reveal their desire to be free of Henry and their sorrow that they ever turned from Richard. iodin of their relatives sho uld be king instead of Henry since Richard II had named Mortimer as his heir. every last(predicate) their discontent, ambition to have a king in their family, and doubts about Henry IVs right to be king combine to bring them to a closure of uniting the various centers of rebellion against Henry IV into one unite effort to usurp the throne and restore it to Mortimer, Richards heir. Perhaps even to a greater extent distressing for Henry IV is the behavior of Prince Hal. Henry desires a son who will mirror all his strengths. Instead he finds in Hal a mirror of his weaknesses. Hal is consorting with thieves learning to steal even as his father steal a crown. Just as his father courted the affections of the common people forwards he became king, Hal spends his time with common people and the low pursuits of drinking, whoring, and stealing.

Anthropology :: Anthropological Culture Essays

AnthropologyWorks Cited MissingAnthropology is a discipline theatreing mingle and change in human communities and definitions of identity, mirroring the dynamic play of modernist reconceptualizations of meaning. As an academician discipline, anthropology demands a realization of the interconnectedness between human groups, a heightened inductive reasoning of vocabulary and tools with which to articulate these connections, and self reflexive sensitivity to its history. In this comparable vein, modernism, as a movement of avant-garde ideas and art forms, draws community to study of itself, demands its avow vocabulary of critique, and harkens back to the history of events that prompted the movement. Perhaps the clearest reflection of contemporaneity in anthropology is found in dynamic cities and the birth of industrial good deal societies (Rodrigues and Garratt 94). Just as modernist ideas were stimulated by rivers of images and sounds jostling for attention in the city, so to did this urban growth invigorate modern anthropology (33). Pursuing novel forms of recording field work and transcending common modes of thought, modern anthropologists enjoy a veritable playground of new anthropological themes and circumstances. Evolving consumer items, fashions and entertainment demand an exponential reconfiguration of vocabulary to fit new inventions of community and individual identity. Methods of describing human beings done enhancing quantitative data and statistical information create more lucid categories of people, and provoke internal deconstructions of purpose and intention in field work. Reconfigurations of self within city communities blooms with exposure to different systems of living and thinking. In these reconfigurations, anthropology confronts the glary blind spots of gender and race representations within the discipline, as modernism did through post-modernism (128). Today, women and minorities are anthropologists vital to the field, and anth ropologists embrace a fuller reconceptualizing of their own identity in political-economic and socially roles. Self-reflexive, anthropologists reinterpret their motives within new communities once again and again, just as modernist artists challenge audiences to reinterpret assumptions and motives of art, music and literature.